Free Essays on Making A Moral Decision

Settling on a Moral Decision In Joseph Conrad’s short story â€Å"The Tale† and James Joyce’s short story â€Å"A Painful Case† there are a few similitudes between the characters of the accounts. Every story is made out of equal good exercises, which turns into the subject of the narratives. The fundamental characters glance back at a point in their lives and are uncertain in the event that they settled on the most shrewd decision in their individual circumstance. The lesson of every story is a moral choice may never have a correct answer. Conrad and Joyce depict an ethical exercise in a fundamentally the same as way. In every story the principle characters, the leader and James Duffy, think back on minutes throughout their life and lament the choices they have made. The leader in â€Å"The Tale† chooses a whole ships destiny by guiding them off precipices, subsequently the chief of the boat and his group bite the dust. The leader states, â€Å"That course would lead the Northman straight on a fatal edge of rock. What's more, the boss offered it to him† (Conrad 17). The principle character of â€Å"The Tale† knows about the significance of his choice and questions whether it was the most shrewd decision. He thinks about with this and it impacts him on a passionate level. Toward the start of â€Å"The Tale† the ladies (who is never given a name) demands he advise a story like he used to before the war. She states, â €Å"You used to tell-your-your basic and expert stories very well at one time†¦you had kind of workmanship in the days-the days prior to the war† (Conrad 2). This announcement supplies the peruser with proof that the leader is a changed man since the war and anticipates that the story won't resemble his old â€Å"simple† stories. All through the story the boss fights with his nature to choose whether or not to accept the Northman. He constantly wonders why the Northman didn't sound his horn when they entered the straight, and why the Northman’s vo... Free Essays on Making A Moral Decision Free Essays on Making A Moral Decision Settling on a Moral Decision In Joseph Conrad’s short story â€Å"The Tale† and James Joyce’s short story â€Å"A Painful Case† there are a few likenesses between the characters of the tales. Every story is made out of equal good exercises, which turns into the subject of the accounts. The principle characters glance back at a point in their lives and are uncertain in the event that they settled on the most shrewd decision in their individual circumstance. The lesson of every story is a moral choice may never have a correct answer. Conrad and Joyce depict an ethical exercise in a fundamentally the same as way. In every story the principle characters, the boss and James Duffy, think back on minutes throughout their life and lament the choices they have made. The boss in â€Å"The Tale† chooses a whole ships destiny by guiding them off precipices, thusly the skipper of the boat and his group pass on. The boss states, â€Å"That course would lead the Northman straight on a destructive edge of rock. Furthermore, the boss offered it to him† (Conrad 17). The primary character of â€Å"The Tale† knows about the significance of his choice and questions whether it was the most astute decision. He ponders with this and it impacts him on an enthusiastic level. Toward the start of â€Å"The Tale† the ladies (who is never given a name) demands he advise a story like he used to before the war. She states, â€Å"You used to tell-your-your straightforward and expert stories very well at one time†¦you had kind of craftsmanship in the days-the days prior to the war† (Conrad 2). This announcement supplies the peruser with proof that the boss is a changed man since the war and portends that the story won't resemble his old â€Å"simple† stories. All through the story the leader fights with his nature to choose whether or not to accept the Northman. He persistently wonders why the Northman didn't sound his horn when they entered the cove, and why the Northman’s vo...

Are locusts next Essay Example For Students

Are beetles straightaway? Article Floods and flames play ruin with theaters monetary security July was the cruelest of months for the Iowa Summer Rep. Rather than crowd individuals vehicles, the few days of July 10 saw the parking area of the Iowa City theater loaded up with grouped carp and silverfish, none of whom had the smallest enthusiasm for seeing The Kentucky Cycle. As the Iowa River rose past the imprint it is just expected to arrive without a moment's delay like clockwork, imaginative chief Eric Forsythe watched his pre-Broadway upset buoy away from his grip. Over in Des Moines, the great clients of the Ingersoll Dinner Theater were getting a charge out of the main demonstration of Annie when the stream abruptly overpowered the nearby force station and the entirety of the lights in the performance center went out. The Ingersoll at that point lost its water flexibly for half a month, giving proprietor Charles Carnes his most noticeably awful summer in memory. Cut off from progress What's more, at about a similar time in Arrow Rock, Mo., Michael Bollinger was thinking about whether the determination of both The Rainmaker and Singing in the Rain for a similar summer season experienced been requesting difficulty. The Lyceum Theater had quite recently burned through $700,000 on a fresh out of the plastic new 338-seat theater office only one mile from the Missouri River. A 100-foot feign spared the structure from being gulped by water, however the minuscule town of Arrow Rock turned out to be for all intents and purposes cut off from human progress as one street after another was shut down. That made it for all intents and purposes unthinkable for crowds from Columbia or Kansas City to arrive at the theater. After the neighborhood water treatment plant was overwhelmed, befuddled imported on-screen characters from New York and Los Angeles had to drink from jars and wash up in plastic sacks. Then, Bollinger and his staff were occupied with handling several dropped re servations. Theaters over the Midwest are as yet considering the consequences of last summers unmatched floods which played destruction with programming over the area, disturbing crowds and bank adjusts well into the fall. In spite of the fact that the floods came when numerous territorial houses were dull, summer and all year activities across Illinois, Iowa and Missouri wound up push into turmoil. Debbie Denenberg of Missouris memorable Goldenrod Showboat, situated in St. Charles, Mo., evaluates that the business activity lost over $250,000 when the pontoon had to close down for its whole summer period of 14 weeks after the Mississippi out of nowhere turned into a not exactly quiet spot to pass a couple of hours. The dependable Goldenrod may have kept on skimming, as it has since 1909, however that didn't mean anyone without his own pontoon could go anyplace close to the banks of the stream. Splashed by the media Unexpectedly, even venues that remained generally solid by the floods experienced the regular media-prompted observation that a whole district of the nation was under attack. On account of a floodwall, the town of Rock Island, Ill. was not overflowed like the networks on the opposite side of the stream. In any case, the Circa-21 Dinner Theater hosted to watch its valuable transport gatherings drop by the thousand throughout the entire summer. Individuals thought we were all submerged, gripes maker Dennis Hitchcock. The flood truly influenced everyones demeanor. The social issues brought about by the calamity likewise had an undesirable impact this fall when theaters started to seek neighborhood organizations for their standard budgetary help. That issue was especially intense in St. Louis, where numerous financially crushed occupants were made destitute, and where numerous organizations occupied their standard charitable expressions monies towards flood help. Last season we had major corporate patrons for three of our mainstage appears, says Ronald J. Himes of the St. Louis Black Repertory Company. This year we have just one. .u656c4d0b56e20a9ccd63386c6d880263 , .u656c4d0b56e20a9ccd63386c6d880263 .postImageUrl , .u656c4d0b56e20a9ccd63386c6d880263 .focused content region { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .u656c4d0b56e20a9ccd63386c6d880263 , .u656c4d0b56e20a9ccd63386c6d880263:hover , .u656c4d0b56e20a9ccd63386c6d880263:visited , .u656c4d0b56e20a9ccd63386c6d880263:active { border:0!important; } .u656c4d0b56e20a9ccd63386c6d880263 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u656c4d0b56e20a9ccd63386c6d880263 { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; mistiness: 1; change: murkiness 250ms; webkit-progress: obscurity 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u656c4d0b56e20a9ccd63386c6d880263:active , .u656c4d0b56e20a9ccd63386c6d880263:hover { haziness: 1; change: darkness 250ms; webkit-change: obscurity 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u656c4d0b56e20a9ccd63386c6d880263 .focused content zone { width: 100%; position: relative; } .u656c4d0b56e20a9ccd63386c6d880263 .ctaText { fringe base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content improvement: underline; } .u656c4d0b56e20a9ccd63386c6d880263 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u656c4d0b56e20a9ccd63386c6d880263 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; outskirt: none; outskirt sweep: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: striking; line-tallness: 26px; moz-fringe range: 3px; content adjust: focus; content enhancement: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: outright; right: 0; top: 0; } .u656c4d0b56e20a9ccd63386c6d880263:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u656c4 d0b56e20a9ccd63386c6d880263 .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u656c4d0b56e20a9ccd63386c6d880263-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u656c4d0b56e20a9ccd63386c6d880263:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: New faces EssayThe Repertory Theater of St. Louis likewise experienced incredible difficulty this fall attempting to remind supporters that the time had come to restore, when most people groups minds were busy with issues extratheatrical. Everyones consideration was centered around recuperating from the flood issues, says overseeing chief Mark Bernstein. Individuals were telling our phone salespeople that they were totally tapped out. After a solid beginning to the yearly battle, the performance center got done with 500 endorsers less than the earlier year, a drop that Bernstein credits to remaining issues from the summ ers catastrophe. Despite the fact that it endured no immediate flood harm, Iowa Citys Riverside Theater has likewise observed its membership base breakdown. There has been a discomfort over the whole network, says masterful executive Ron Clark. Individuals have needed to pick between season tickets and new covering or dry divider. The auditorium has lost 400 percent of its season supporters, causing stressing money related insecurity. There is, obviously, no midwestern imposing business model on Acts of God. Simply ask any individual who takes a shot at the West Coast. The Laguna Beach Playhouse came extremely close to consuming to a soot last October, when discharge cleared across southern California. Coals arrived on the theaters property, lighting grass only 100 feet from the structure. Overseeing executive Richard Stein positioned his dependable specialized staff on the top of the theater, where they hosed down both the structure and any nearby trees. With vehicles left prepared for a snappy clearing and wearing respirator covers hastily pulled from the scene shop, staff members and volunteers quickly upheld up PC information and stacked assets into a van. Joyfully, the discharge at last turned an alternate way and the performance center stayed immaculate, faring better than a great part of the remainder of Laguna Beach. Significance of being guaranteed What are the exercises to be gained from these performance centers experiences with catastrophic event? To begin with, there is the significance of good protection. The Laguna Beach Playhouse has as of late added business interference to its rundown of inclusions. The fire made every one of us understand how helpless we were, says Stein. Furthermore, that extra inclusion was truly not particularly exorbitant. Great correspondence with crowd individuals is likewise significant when emergencies hit. A similar evening of the fire, Stein was considering the nearby press to promise individuals that the auditorium was safe. Bollinger ensured the entire district realized that exhibitions at Arrow Rocks Lyceum were proceeding as scheduled,even if crowds were both wet and little. Thinking back looking back, the Iowa Summer Reps Forsythe laments his justifiable choice to drop exhibitions of The Kentucky Cycle each day in turn, trusting that probably a few exhibitions could be spared. That example of vulnerability was mistaking for the crowd, he presently accepts. At the point when we rescheduled in the fall, individuals didn't accept that we were truly back. Rather than the performance centers standard 95 percent of limit, The Kentucky Cycle played in August to houses that were half unfilled. At the point when catastrophe strikes, networks perpetually arrange, allowing theaters to exhibit their readiness to give something back to their supporters and appreciate some positive advertising. The Laguna Beach Playhouse parted with 200 passes to neighborhood firemen and composed individual letters to supporters who had lost their homes. Around 21 offered free South Pacific passes to Red Cross volunteers taking a shot at flood alleviation. Entertainers from the St. Louis Rep performed for families in flood covers, and other St. Louis organizations gave cash from snack bars and entryway assortments to aid projects. Theaters all through the locale embraced a liberal trade and discount strategy, brightly restoring the cash of any individual who was waterlogged and incapable to make it to any presentation. On the off chance that there was a positive side to the ongoing cataclysmic events, maybe it was that numerous

Nuclear Forces, Policies, and Weapons

The Federation of American Scientists has made the â€Å"Nuclear Forces† site, which contains intriguing data on atomic themes. Presumably, the point of making such site was in making individuals mindful of atomic approaches and atomic dangers on the planet. Getting to the site implies getting to the data and connections to atomic aides of a few nations (Iran, North Korea, Ukraine, and so on.). It is significant to focus on the site sources and assets, when its substance is examined. The site gives the connections to the two synopsis tables †atomic weapons abilities and exceptional weapons capacities. Dispassionately, it is somewhat troublesome and risky for the non-authority to dissect the table of atomic weapons abilities. These challenges are associated with the perplexing structure of the table. All the while, the synopsis of the extraordinary weapons abilities gives far reaching data about the nations, which have and can use the weapons of mass decimation (atomic, compound, natural, and so on.). The table appears to come up short on any pertinent or friend looked into references, this is the reason it can barely be utilized as the wellspring of expert research. The site additionally gives the connections to the Nuclear Notebook (Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists), Nuclear Facts and Figures, and so on. The data found on this site can turn into a beginning stage of any exploration in the zone of atomic powers, arrangements, or weapons. Its information can turn into an important wellspring of data, yet proficient scientists should move toward it basically. This doesn't imply that the data is misdirecting. One may suggest including peer-surveyed distributions into the site content. This will add polished methodology to the site by and large. Data on the site is sorted out so it ought to be handily gotten to and perused. Notwithstanding, a few connections are obsolete and require being either refreshed or erased by any means. On the planet where atomic innovations are refreshed every day, the substance of such sites likewise requires normal surveys. Something else, this data will lose its importance and utility. References Organization of American Scientists. Atomic powers control. Recovered 07 January 2008 from http://www.fas.org/nuke/direct/                  Â

Conflict of Interests for Researchers - Possible Solutions Essay

Irreconcilable circumstance for Researchers - Possible Solutions - Essay Example This is on the grounds that analysts are nowadays consistently supported by corporate associations to lead explores whose outcomes ought to be what will draw out the best in their merchandise as well as administrations. The suggestion is that the motivation behind directing explores appears to have radically changed from giving valuable and substantial data to filling in as an instrument for boosting deals and support. This circumstance has to a great extent put the trustworthiness of analysts in question the same number of individuals currently think that its hard to accept the aftereffects of their examination. Analysts oftentimes wind up at junction where they need to choose what to do; regardless of whether they would cook investigates or whether they would stay clean and maintain the center morals of their calling. Instead of expert morals, a few specialists really lead inquires about yet remembering that they should come to a specific end result, some of them regularly control tests. For instance, in the refreshment business, a scientist whose aim is to show that grown-ups lean toward drinking liquor to drinking some other refreshments may go the full embrace by changing consequences of the exploration so as to suit the expected outcome. A comparable thing can occur in some other enterprises. It is on record that it likewise happens stealthily in the wellbeing business (Crossen 1994 p. 36).

To Defend Free Speech Or Not - Free Essay Example

University campuses are subject to debates across the country. Students are speaking out against racial injustice revealed in unwelcoming, sometimes hostile environments on college campuses. But to some, their demands have gone too far. Are the protestors silencing free speech, or are they just trying to be heard? And are the universities responding by defending free speech, or by suppressing it? This paper attempts to discuss these questions. Review of literature The freedom of speech has been defined by the New World Encyclopedia as the right to express oneself, either orally or in writing, without fear of governmental restraint or retribution. In the Unites States, this freedom is protected by the 1st Amendment to the Constitution, and is considered essential to the strength of the government. At the core of 1st Amendment concerns is the protection of expression that is critical of government policies. As with other civil liberties, the freedom of speech does not exist in a vacuum. Limitations of freedom of speech arise when it comes to the violation of the rights of others. Freedom of speech is not protected when it comes to expressions involving slander, harassment, obscenity, subversion, or criminal conduct (Funk Wagnalls, 2016). The concept of freedom of speech developed gradually due to societal problems of the Middle-Ages. For example, in England, freedom of speech emerged due to struggles for individual liberties and democratic government starting in the 16th century. In France, the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen was issued after the French Revolution in 1789 which included the right of freedom of speech to citizens. In the U.S., freedom of speech was included in the Constitution of the United States, starting with that of Virginia in 1776. It was abridged by congress in 1798 by the passage of the Alien and Sedition Acts which in which it was deemed illegal to stand-in opposition to the government. During the industrialization era, problems of free speech were connected with unionization. During World War I, academic freedom was impaired and the freedom of speech was abridged in cases of foreigners, labor organizers, pacifists, and radicals. In Europe, freedom of speech was abolished by the totalitarian governments of some countries. Freedom of speech regained strength with the Unive rsal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948 when it was declared as a fundamental right by the United Nations. Since then, the courts became protective of this concept (Funk Wagnalls, 2016). In 2014, two fraternity students were expelled from the University of Oklahoma after an online video was streamed showing them singing a racist song on a bus. The president of the university explained that the two students were expelled because of their leadership role in leading a racist and exclusionary chant which created a hostile educational environment for others. Several argue that the racist chant was protected under the Constitution (Papandrea, 2017). In 2017, Latino students at Cornell University complained to the school that fraternity brothers were heard shouting that they wanted a wall be built around the Latino Living Center on campus. The Latino students demanded an apology and that the fraternity undergo diversity training. They also asked that the school recognizes that there is an environment of discrimination on campus. The university expressed concerns about the incident but also recognized the right of open expression. A Latino student responded to the university statement by stating: Free speech is not speech that is aimed to hurt; free speech that dehumanizes is not free (Steinmetz, 2017). These two incidents catch a glimpse of what is happening on university campuses. Campuses across the country are divided as students and university personnel are trying to fight against discrimination while preserving freedom of speech. Censoring and even punishing students who engage in offensive speech is on the rise among universities (Papandrea, 2017). Universities are struggling more than ever to create a balance between adhering to the First Amendment as it applies to the freedom of speech while creating inclusive communities. The pressure to punish offensive speech increases as does the criticism to this pressure. With the development in technology, complications as to whether and when a university should or can punish students for their online offensive activities. Instead of appreciating the traditional role that the universities play in sharing and discussing ideas, students, alumni, and the public seem to think that whenever a college tolerates offensive speech, it is also endorsing these viewpoints (Papandrea, 2017). The Supreme Court has held that flag burning, public displays insulting American institutions, and published documents critical of America and the government, in particular, are constitutional exercises of free speech and that they are therefore protected from government-imposed limits. Also, the Supreme Court has held that so-called reasonable time, place and manner restrictions on free speech are constitutional. For example, keeping potentially violent protestors separated while they demonstrate at the same location is one of those vital constitutional limits a government can place on free speech. U.S. Attorney General Jeff Sessions shared that thirty-three percent of public universities have speech codes that constrict free speech . . . under the First Amendment. He warned schools and their leaders to ensure that freedom of expression be protected. As Sessions said, speech is under assault on college campuses. According to Sessions, those assaults are deemed unconstitutional (Youn g, T., 2017). Friedersdorf (2016) also shared that free speech is threatened on campus. He cited Professor Shaun Harper, head of the Center for the Study of Race and Equity in Education at the University of Pennsylvania who noted that there has been a significant increase in the demand for our campus climate work. Friedersdorf summarized examples of demands to punish speech on college campuses: The Wall Street Journal reported a survey of 800 college students that found 51 percent favored speech codes. Yale protestors formally asked the university to fire two professors in residence life because they were upset by an email one of them wrote. Amherst students called for a speech code sanctioning a student for making an All Lives Matter poster. Student activists at Duke asked for disciplinary sanctions for students who attend culturally insensitive parties, etc. At Emory, student activists asked that student evaluations include a field to report microaggressions to help ensure that there are repercu ssions or sanctions, and that the social network Yik Yak be banished from campus. Another narrow area of campus expression that is under threat: The formal speech. In 2015 alone, Robin Steinberg was disinvited from Harvards law school, and Suzanne Venker from Williams College. The rapper Big Sean was almost disinvited from Princeton at the request of students. Efforts are seen to censor speakers based on their viewpoints. Free speech on campus is threatened from a dozen directions. It is threatened by administrators, and students who are intolerant of disagreements in point of views. It is threatened by activists asking for speech codes and sanctions for professors or classmates who disagree with them. It is threatened by people who push to disinvite speakers because of their viewpoints and those who shut down events to prevent people from speaking. Although free speech advocates believe that viewpoints need to be heard before getting rejected, others say that if viewpoints invalidate the humanity of some people then restrictions should apply (Ulrich, 2017). While there is a recent focus on reducing/eliminating hate speech on campuses, first amendment advocates are accusing universities and colleges of being squeamish about exposing students to ideas that make them feel uncomfortable. In a poll published by William Buckley, 50% of students said they often felt intimidated to offer views that differ from their classmates or professors. Sixty-three percent of students said that they thought political correctness was a problem on campus, while 50% said they favor their school banning political cartoons on campus that criticize a particular religion or ethnicity. Ron Krotoszynki, professor of law at the University of Alabama shared that Universities need to secure an environment where it protects its core missions of teaching, learning and research, but at the same time, universities cant maintain that environment without regard to First Amendment rights (Madhani Yu, 2015). Discussion The university is the place where students should be challenged, and where everything they know should be put into question. Being subjected to controversial issues is essential for them to think critically. Experiences they face allows them to grow. Universities will not do students a favor by overprotecting them from the real world. It represents a transition stage into adulthood, where students start to analyze and take a stance about what is out-there, what is waiting for them after graduation. The university setting is a place where students from different backgrounds and values come together and learn from each other. The experiences they face allow them to question preconceptions they have and decide for themselves what to believe in and how to proceed in the face of social and controversial issues. The Supreme Court has supported freedom of speech as essential to the atmosphere of the college/university. Nonetheless, racist speech does do psychological harm to students who already are feeling oppressed. Alienation, depression, and anger are consequences of such speech. Millennials are being described as a generation of snowflakes, quick to melt like snow in the sun when challenged. Some argue that the university setting provides a safe space for victims of racism and/or oppression to fight back and educate others about their experiences and the harm that racism does in general. Other believe that victims will get more alienated thinking that the university is just another place supporting racism. So, what is the ethical thing to do and what should universities do in the face of these different point of views? Some universities have chosen to take action by generating codes of conduct and refuting speeches deemed to create hostility or intimidation towards minority students. Others created codes banning verbal assaults. The First Amendment does not deny the university the right to identify sanctions when it comes to usage of obscenity, abuse, or defamation. The confusion stands when it comes to defining these words as they apply to universities settings and managing tensions between eliminating racism and protecting students while also protecting their constitutional rights.

Overcoming Grief through Integration of Counseling and Spirituality - 17875 Words

Overcoming Grief through Integration of Counseling and Spirituality (Dissertation Sample) Content: MSC DISSERTATIONUniversityInstitute of Religious StudiesWORD COUNT 14,559 (EXC APPENDICES)REDUCINGOvercoming Grief through Integration of Counseling and Spirituality.Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of Master of Religious and CounselingByName:Id. No.Dissertation supervisor:May 2104DeclarationI à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬.., confirm that this work submitted for assessment is my own and is expressed in my own words. Any uses made within it of the works of other authors in any form (e.g. ideas, equations, figures, text, tables, programs) are properly acknowledged At the point of their use. A full list of the references employed has been included.Signed: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Date: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã ¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬TABLE OF CONTENTItem NoDescriptionPage No.AbstractIntroduction 5Chapter One Statement of the problem 6Purpose of the Study 7Chapter TwoLiterature Review 9Phase Of Grief 12Shock/Acknowledgement 14Denial/Acceptance 16Guilt 17Depression 19Anger 19Forgiveness 20Hope / Action and Letting Go 22Spirituality. 26Chapter 3: Methodology 28Chapter 4:Findings 29Important elements of spirituality 29Spirituality and benefits. 30Health benefits. 30Mental health benefits 32Spiritual Psychology 35Mind, Body and Spirit 37The Conscious Self: The Physical Mind 38The Higher Conscious Self: The Soul Mind 38The Super Conscious Self: The Spirit Mind 39The Divine Consciousness 39Spiritual interventions 40Pray er. 41Biblical guidelines. 44Counselor roles and competencies 46Existential Therapy 51Chapter 5: Discussion, Conclusion and Recommendation 55Dealing with Grief 55Summary and Conclusions 59REFERENCES 60AcknowledgementsAbstractAlthough sanguinity, societal support, piousness, and devoutness are imperative prognosticators of alteration, rarely have studies scrutinized these variables concurrently. This study investigated whether hopefulness and societal support arbitrated the affiliation between spirituality and alteration (grief and lifetime fulfillment) and between religiousness and alteration. Findings designate that the affiliation between inherent spirituality and lifetime satisfaction and between supplication gratification and life satisfaction was arbitrated by hopefulness and societal support. Additionally, the rapport between spirituality and alteration varied depending on how spirituality was operationali zed and whether optimistic versus undesirable modification pointers were used..CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTIONStatement of the problem.Spirituality and counseling is an essential and vital element in the lives of many individuals. There has been a topical explosion of studies and research in this area. Spirituality is regarded as one of the four modules of overall well-being (Mohr, 2006). The four indispensable constituents of an individual, as noted by Mohr (2006), are the corporeal, demonstrative, communal, and mystical dimensions.Spirituality and counseling may also play an imperative part in the individuality of an individual. People often make choices based upon their belief and may even observe certain rules of living established upon their mystical beliefs. Research has shown that devoutness is associated with values of completeness, hopefulness, connotation, synchronization, and transcending (Oà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ Reilly, 2004). These values help characters cope with stressors in the world a nd endeavor toward attainment of their natural potential. An imperative factor is ignored when the clinician fails to integrate devoutness into the management of a mystical individual.The research and development of several methods related to incorporation have evolved over time (Richards, Rector, Tjeltveit, 1999). These methods are moderately new, receiving mixed assessments from individuals in the field of psychology. In general, some clinicians are cynical about the incorporation of spirituality and therapy, based on the belief that this new branch of psychology may be seen as irrational or invalid (Lindridge, 2008). Other therapists, however, have embraced this new purview and continue to work towards a vigorous integration of spirituality into their practice (Shafranske Sperry, 1990)The cognitive-behavioral method has extended to include spirituality. Within this approach, the therapist exploits the basic doctrines of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) in permutation with sp iritual values and beliefs to treat the client (Beitel, Genova, Schuman-Olivier, Arnold, Avants, Margolin, 2007). Integrating a theory that is empirically authenticated with new tenets of spirituality will allow the testing of a theory of incremental cogency by amalgamating these two approaches. Once the two approaches are combined, it is practicable for the investigator to test this new approach to provide empirical corroboration.Research has shown that cognitive-behavioral therapy is an operative form of treatment for persons who are experiencing depressive indicators (Beck, 1997). Additional studies suggest that features of spirituality assist in diminishing depressive symptoms (Blazer, 2007). The incorporation of spirituality in cognitive-behavioral therapy may assist in alleviating the depressive symptoms of a religious client. The treatment embraces the physical, emotional, social, and spiritual facets of the client through the application of a holistic approach that addresse s each of these domains.Purpose of the study.The purpose of this study was the creation of an integrated approach to address overcoming grief by combining spirituality and counseling. A case study was used to analyze the effects of a spiritually informed cognitive behavioral approach and its effects on depression. A manualized treatment approach references the works of cognitive-behavioral therapists and spiritually oriented treatments that combine cognitive-behavioral techniques with spiritual components. Measures of depression, religiosity, therapeutic alliance, treatment adherence, and cognitive distortions establish a baseline and assess treatment progress throughout the case study. The impact of the designed manualized treatment was examined.CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEWIn our day-to-day life, people go through different trials and tribulations. The various trials people face in their life sometimes causes a lot of grief and destabilizes their emotions. These trials may include facing the physical death of a loved one, or traumatic events such as abuse or rape. This causes an individual to go through different phases of grief and internal conflict. Grief occurs not just from the loss of a loved one, a relationship, a family pet, a job, one's health or independence. It also occurs when individuals feel the loss of their own freedom, security, and innocence, especially when these events are associated with victimization and trauma.Kenneth Pargament, professor of psychology at Bowling Green University, has published extensively on the value of religion and spirituality in coping with grief. He writes, "Illness, accident, interpersonal conflicts, divorce, layoffs, and death are more than just à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"significant life events.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ They raise profound and disturbing questions about our place and purpose in the world, they point to the limits of our powers, and they underscore out finitude. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ These deep questions call for a spiritual respon se." (Pargament, 2007, p. 11)Sometimes it is hard to separate the effects of a physical loss with those of abuse or victimization. Most of the times when a person is in a grief mood he or she is asking herself many questions of why and at the same time trying to heal. Understanding the phases of grief and allowing oneself to feel as the individual moves through those phases can help with the healing process. There is more to the understanding than just reading and allowing the self to feel the emotions.While in grief, an individual must make a conscious effort to control their actions in an effort to move forward instead of allowing the situation to anchor their mental health in the past. The key is to not allow the past and actions of others to control you now or in your future. We can't go back and change the things we went through. However, we can learn from them, heal ourselves in the process and let go of the control these events and the people involved in them may have on our life.Grief can be defined by the various occurrences of a number of events in an individualà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s life. It is during this period that many people feel the most alone and segregated from the world around them. Grief can also be the ultimate example of Existentialism in action. It comes in many forms of loss. Loss of a treasured one, an affiliation, a household pet, a job, one's wellbeing or individuality, even one's own liberty. Different people from dealing with loss in many forms, from hopelessness to renunciation or more solemn antiphons that disturb a personà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s wellbeing and mental health.Everyone has a way of dealing with every day grief, t... Overcoming Grief through Integration of Counseling and Spirituality - 17875 Words Overcoming Grief through Integration of Counseling and Spirituality (Dissertation Sample) Content: MSC DISSERTATIONUniversityInstitute of Religious StudiesWORD COUNT 14,559 (EXC APPENDICES)REDUCINGOvercoming Grief through Integration of Counseling and Spirituality.Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of Master of Religious and CounselingByName:Id. No.Dissertation supervisor:May 2104DeclarationI à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬.., confirm that this work submitted for assessment is my own and is expressed in my own words. Any uses made within it of the works of other authors in any form (e.g. ideas, equations, figures, text, tables, programs) are properly acknowledged At the point of their use. A full list of the references employed has been included.Signed: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Date: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã ¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬TABLE OF CONTENTItem NoDescriptionPage No.AbstractIntroduction 5Chapter One Statement of the problem 6Purpose of the Study 7Chapter TwoLiterature Review 9Phase Of Grief 12Shock/Acknowledgement 14Denial/Acceptance 16Guilt 17Depression 19Anger 19Forgiveness 20Hope / Action and Letting Go 22Spirituality. 26Chapter 3: Methodology 28Chapter 4:Findings 29Important elements of spirituality 29Spirituality and benefits. 30Health benefits. 30Mental health benefits 32Spiritual Psychology 35Mind, Body and Spirit 37The Conscious Self: The Physical Mind 38The Higher Conscious Self: The Soul Mind 38The Super Conscious Self: The Spirit Mind 39The Divine Consciousness 39Spiritual interventions 40Pray er. 41Biblical guidelines. 44Counselor roles and competencies 46Existential Therapy 51Chapter 5: Discussion, Conclusion and Recommendation 55Dealing with Grief 55Summary and Conclusions 59REFERENCES 60AcknowledgementsAbstractAlthough sanguinity, societal support, piousness, and devoutness are imperative prognosticators of alteration, rarely have studies scrutinized these variables concurrently. This study investigated whether hopefulness and societal support arbitrated the affiliation between spirituality and alteration (grief and lifetime fulfillment) and between religiousness and alteration. Findings designate that the affiliation between inherent spirituality and lifetime satisfaction and between supplication gratification and life satisfaction was arbitrated by hopefulness and societal support. Additionally, the rapport between spirituality and alteration varied depending on how spirituality was operationali zed and whether optimistic versus undesirable modification pointers were used..CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTIONStatement of the problem.Spirituality and counseling is an essential and vital element in the lives of many individuals. There has been a topical explosion of studies and research in this area. Spirituality is regarded as one of the four modules of overall well-being (Mohr, 2006). The four indispensable constituents of an individual, as noted by Mohr (2006), are the corporeal, demonstrative, communal, and mystical dimensions.Spirituality and counseling may also play an imperative part in the individuality of an individual. People often make choices based upon their belief and may even observe certain rules of living established upon their mystical beliefs. Research has shown that devoutness is associated with values of completeness, hopefulness, connotation, synchronization, and transcending (Oà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ Reilly, 2004). These values help characters cope with stressors in the world a nd endeavor toward attainment of their natural potential. An imperative factor is ignored when the clinician fails to integrate devoutness into the management of a mystical individual.The research and development of several methods related to incorporation have evolved over time (Richards, Rector, Tjeltveit, 1999). These methods are moderately new, receiving mixed assessments from individuals in the field of psychology. In general, some clinicians are cynical about the incorporation of spirituality and therapy, based on the belief that this new branch of psychology may be seen as irrational or invalid (Lindridge, 2008). Other therapists, however, have embraced this new purview and continue to work towards a vigorous integration of spirituality into their practice (Shafranske Sperry, 1990)The cognitive-behavioral method has extended to include spirituality. Within this approach, the therapist exploits the basic doctrines of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) in permutation with sp iritual values and beliefs to treat the client (Beitel, Genova, Schuman-Olivier, Arnold, Avants, Margolin, 2007). Integrating a theory that is empirically authenticated with new tenets of spirituality will allow the testing of a theory of incremental cogency by amalgamating these two approaches. Once the two approaches are combined, it is practicable for the investigator to test this new approach to provide empirical corroboration.Research has shown that cognitive-behavioral therapy is an operative form of treatment for persons who are experiencing depressive indicators (Beck, 1997). Additional studies suggest that features of spirituality assist in diminishing depressive symptoms (Blazer, 2007). The incorporation of spirituality in cognitive-behavioral therapy may assist in alleviating the depressive symptoms of a religious client. The treatment embraces the physical, emotional, social, and spiritual facets of the client through the application of a holistic approach that addresse s each of these domains.Purpose of the study.The purpose of this study was the creation of an integrated approach to address overcoming grief by combining spirituality and counseling. A case study was used to analyze the effects of a spiritually informed cognitive behavioral approach and its effects on depression. A manualized treatment approach references the works of cognitive-behavioral therapists and spiritually oriented treatments that combine cognitive-behavioral techniques with spiritual components. Measures of depression, religiosity, therapeutic alliance, treatment adherence, and cognitive distortions establish a baseline and assess treatment progress throughout the case study. The impact of the designed manualized treatment was examined.CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEWIn our day-to-day life, people go through different trials and tribulations. The various trials people face in their life sometimes causes a lot of grief and destabilizes their emotions. These trials may include facing the physical death of a loved one, or traumatic events such as abuse or rape. This causes an individual to go through different phases of grief and internal conflict. Grief occurs not just from the loss of a loved one, a relationship, a family pet, a job, one's health or independence. It also occurs when individuals feel the loss of their own freedom, security, and innocence, especially when these events are associated with victimization and trauma.Kenneth Pargament, professor of psychology at Bowling Green University, has published extensively on the value of religion and spirituality in coping with grief. He writes, "Illness, accident, interpersonal conflicts, divorce, layoffs, and death are more than just à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"significant life events.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ They raise profound and disturbing questions about our place and purpose in the world, they point to the limits of our powers, and they underscore out finitude. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ These deep questions call for a spiritual respon se." (Pargament, 2007, p. 11)Sometimes it is hard to separate the effects of a physical loss with those of abuse or victimization. Most of the times when a person is in a grief mood he or she is asking herself many questions of why and at the same time trying to heal. Understanding the phases of grief and allowing oneself to feel as the individual moves through those phases can help with the healing process. There is more to the understanding than just reading and allowing the self to feel the emotions.While in grief, an individual must make a conscious effort to control their actions in an effort to move forward instead of allowing the situation to anchor their mental health in the past. The key is to not allow the past and actions of others to control you now or in your future. We can't go back and change the things we went through. However, we can learn from them, heal ourselves in the process and let go of the control these events and the people involved in them may have on our life.Grief can be defined by the various occurrences of a number of events in an individualà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s life. It is during this period that many people feel the most alone and segregated from the world around them. Grief can also be the ultimate example of Existentialism in action. It comes in many forms of loss. Loss of a treasured one, an affiliation, a household pet, a job, one's wellbeing or individuality, even one's own liberty. Different people from dealing with loss in many forms, from hopelessness to renunciation or more solemn antiphons that disturb a personà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s wellbeing and mental health.Everyone has a way of dealing with every day grief, t...

How to Cancel Units - Chemistry Metric Conversions

Are Computers Changing the Way Humans Think - 988 Words

There has always been controversy as to whether computers hurt the way people think. Computers have hurt society more than it has helped. Although computers have benefits such as helping you for school work in making quicker decisions for you, and it makes it easier to do essays by using word; it has also hurt society because it makes us become lazier, makes online dating dangerous, and makes people addicted to the Internet. One benefit of computers is that they help students with school work. Students are able to find things quicker for research papers, etc. Also it can be easier for students to type instead of writing out their essays. Students can get ideas from people through blogs and chat. ( Christine Zuchora - Walske 61)†¦show more content†¦People can really be meeting kidnappers or someone dangerous they don’t even know about. When they tell them about him/her self people go along with everything they have to say. Online dating can lead to violence and finding them in jail or dead. Then when all that stuff happens family members going crazy and feel sad because what has happen to their loved one. People also talk to someone from the Internet because things are going thru there mind or something is going on with them that they try to find a way to leave there house. One good reason for online dating is that some people will end up finding there true love on the Internet. Findi ng someone’s true love there can change there whole life to worse than better or vice versa it is very dangerous. Online dating should stop and they need to stop with facebook, and all the other online dating websites that they have now. Parents should know what their kids get on and they should get there passwords for any website they have and check who they communicate with that’s my opinion. Online dating needs to stop immediately! ( Ford, Matt. Web.) The biggest drawback in using the Internet is it has made students constantly on it wanting to be on it that’s what you called â€Å" Addicted†. Students being on the computer has caused damaged to the eye sight or brain damaged. Students can literally goShow MoreRelatedHow People View the World Influences the Tools Used to Obtain Knowledge744 Words   |  3 Pagesinformation, and the knowledge acquired from it, wisely. In Sherry Turkle’s essay How Computers Change the Way We Think she opens with the statement, â€Å"The tools we use to think change the way in which we think†(1). Turkle argues that computers are changing the way that people process information, and it is possible that people are losing a part of themselves and forgetting fundamental aspects of what it means to be human. Similar themes can be found in Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein. 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The Impacts Of Premarital Sex And Cohabitation On Marriage

Phat (Kevin) Phan English 1302 Professor Randall Watson December 8th, 2014 The Impacts of Premarital Sex and Cohabitation on Marriage Becoming popular from the 1950s until now, premarital sex and premarital cohabitation have been considered as the norms in the United States. While most people agree that premarital sex is one of the ways to find out whether the couple is perfect for each other, others incline its consequences. Because the United States is described as the Salad Bowl, in which numerous ethnicities, religions, and cultures are not assimilable, it exists some different perceptions about sex out of marriage. By reviewing the reasons and pointing the consequences of having sex and living together before marriage, it is obvious†¦show more content†¦Defending the judgment that premarital sex and cohabitation is acceptable and permissible, people who had sex before their marriage or just agree with it expound some reasons. First of all, living together and sex outside marriage have been increasing because of social pressure. In a community, a person who does not follow common norms is abnormal. Acc ording to the research in 2011, Mashau learned that a person would be seen as stupid, rural, and sophisticated without participating in premarital sex as his/her peers. It means that some people might neither agree nor disagree with premarital sex, yet they try to ‘simulate’ what most people do in order to be ‘normal’. Giving another reason to protect their opinion, people believe having sex and living together before marriage help them be ready for marriage. Marriage is the most important event in a person’s life; thus, everyone wants to find a fitting spouse with whom they are going to live in the rest of the life. They worried a wrong decision will destroy their marriage, even their life. The contribution of premarital sex and cohabitation is a suitable choice which not only helps the couples understand each other but also gets their relationship closer. The couples believe engaging in sex and living together before marriage are the processes whic h they are more likely experience the needs of marriage than the couples did not. As a result, the couples that think they

Immigration And The United States - 965 Words

Immigration is what shapes the picture of today’s present-day world. Traveling from country to country for trading and other necessities or personal reasons has been popular since historic times. Immigration means the one way movement of people to a specific country or place. People, or immigrants, move out of their native country for numerous reasons. The aspiration for a better life and future and improved employment opportunities are the key driving forces for immigrants to migrate. The United States is no less than immigrants coming from diverse parts of the world. Because of this, the United States implemented immigration laws and policies. The United States immigration policy has endured great change since the era of the 20th century. There are several reasons that have subsidized to this change in policy. These reasons being poverty, lack of jobs and political problems. The United States has altered its immigration policy various times in the past century but the motive s for immigration have stayed mostly the same. Immigration has continuously played an essential role in American History. The United States current immigration policy continues to be the utmost open immigration policy in the world. Once certain states approved immigration laws after the Civil War, the Supreme Court in 1875 stated that the regulation of immigration is a federal responsibility. The immigration service was then established in 1891 to deal with the vast rise in immigration which took placeShow MoreRelatedImmigration And The United States986 Words   |  4 PagesImmigration in the United States continues to increase rapidly year by year. 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Impacts of Turbofan Engine in the Aviation Industry

Question: Discuss about the Impacts of Turbofan Engine in the Aviation Industry. Answer: Introduction Turbofan engine is among the most common type of gas turbine engine used today (Hall, 2015). The first turbofan engine was manufactured by Rolls-Royce Limited in 1950s. The engine had a by-pass ratio is 0.25. In 1960s, Volvo Flygmotor and Pratt Whitney also started manufacturing turbofan engines. Today, these engines are manufactured by different manufacturers, including General Electric, CFM International LEAP, Engine Alliance, and International Aero Engines, among others (Lucintel, 2012). The main motive of developing turbofan engine was to overcome the two main disadvantages of its predecessor, turbojet engine. The disadvantages were: poor fuel efficiency at lower altitudes and poor runway performance. Turbofan engine has successfully overcome these drawbacks of turbojet engine. Therefore turbofan engine was developed so as to replace turbojet engine. Since its invention, turbofan engine has greatly revolutionized the aviation industry by enabling quieter flights and lower fuel c onsumption by aircrafts. The purpose of this report is to discuss various elements of turbofan engine, including its components, operation, advantages and disadvantages. Operation of Turbofan Engine The basic operation of a turbofan engine is similar to that of other turbine engines, where air is drawn into the engine, compressed, mixed with fuel, ignited and exhausted to create thrust that propels the aircraft. The main components of turbofan engines are: fan, compressor, combustor, turbine and nozzle/mixer, as shown in Figure 1 below (Cutler, 2016). These components are similar to those of a turbojet except the fan. In other words, a turbofan engine has similar components to those of a turbojet engine only that the former has a fan. Figure 1: Components of a turbofan engine The fan draws in large amounts of air into the turbofan engine. The air passes through two parts. Some of it flows into the core of the engine where it will be combusted whereas some of the air (called bypass air) is directed via a duct outside the engine core (Chmiel, (n.d.)). The bypass air has three main functions: it generates additional thrust; blankets the exhaust air leaving the engine thus making the engine to produce less noise; and cools the engine. Bypass ratio is the ratio of quantity of air passing outside the core of the engine to the air passing through the engines core (Hall, 2015). According to DutchOps.com (2012), turbofan engines can be classified into two groups based on their bypass ratios: low and high bypass ratio turbofan engine. The air flows through the axial flow compressor, which uses its spinning blades to accelerate the speed of the air and compress it. Stators, which are positioned between compressor blades, converts rotational energy of the air into st atic pressure thus increasing overall air pressure. In addition, the stators straighten the air flow making it ready to move into the succeeding set of spinning blades. The air then enters the combustor where it mixes with fuel and gets ignited. The combustor comprises of several parts, as shown in Figure 2 below (Cutler, 2016). Figure 2: Parts of turbofan engine combustor The diffuser is used for slowing down air entering the combustor from the compressor, which helps in easing the ignition. Swirler and dome are used for increasing air turbulence for easy mixing with the fuel. The fuel injector supply fuel that mixes with the air to create the desired fuel/air mixture. The actual combustion occurs in the liner, which comprises of various inlets for allowing entry of air at different points within the combustion zone. The igniter is used for lighting the fire to start the actual combustion process. After leaving the combustor, the high-speed and hot air passes over the blades of the turbine. The blades draw energy from the air, rotating the turbine and engine shaft that is fixed to it. The same shaft is also connected to compressor and fan hence when the turbine rotates, the compressor and fan also keep on drawing in more air. The nozzle is where the high speed air from the turbine gets exhausted at the back of the engine thus creating a thrust that pushes the airplane forward. This is in accordance with third law of Isaac Newton, which states that for every action force creates an equal reaction force that acts in the opposite direction. Advantages off Turbofan Engine There are several advantages of a turbofan engine. Some of these advantages are as follows: Higher Fuel Efficiency A turbofan engine has a higher fuel efficiency. The engine burns less fuel than most of the other gas turbine engine thus saving fuel costs. In addition, this also reduces the amount of harmful emissions that the engine releases to the atmosphere (Whitfield, 2016). High Thrust A turbofan engine generates very high thrust compared to other turbine gas engines. The high thrust results from the air passing through the engines core and the bypass air (Stratos Jet Charters, Inc., 2010). With the other gas turbine engines, thrust is only generated by air flowing through the engines core. However, turbofan engine generates thrust from the air flowing through the engines core and the extra thrust from the bypass air flowing through the bypass duct. QuieterMotion A turbofan engine is quitter than majority of gas turbine engines. There are two factors contributing to this quietness. First, it is the bypass air that masks the exhaust air leaving the engine thus making the engine quieter. Second, it is the blades tips that are confined inside the turbofan engine casing thus controlling noise levels and preventing noise from leaving the engine casing. These two elements make the aero-acoustic properties of turbofan engines to be greater than most gas turbine engines. Greater Efficiency A turbofan engine is more efficient to control especially when the airplane is flying at low altitudes. This does not only help the pilots to be in more control of the airplane but also improves the overall safety of the persons onboard. Greater speeds A turbofan engine can fly at greater speeds than other conventional airplane engines. One of the factors enabling this is the design of the turbofan engine blades. The blade tips of a turbofan engine are designed to exceed the drag divergence speed. This capability of exceeding the drag divergence speed makes it possible to the turbofan engine to accelerate at very high speeds than most turbine gas engines. No orMinimal Vibrations A turbofan engine produces zero or very minimal vibrations. This has two benefits: it increases the comfort of the cabin crew and passengers, and also increases the longevity of aircraft components (Shields and Carmel, 2013). With less vibrations, it means that the airplane flies smoothly with minimal upheaval. Also, there are less interactions between various components of the airplane components thus reducing the likelihood of wear and tear that could otherwise cause damages and reduce the lifespan of these components. Therefore if maintained properly, turbofan engines are more durable than other gas turbine engines. Short Takeoff Balance Another major advantage of turbofan engines is that they have the capacity to facilitate short takeoff distance. The turbofan engines fan draws large amounts of air into the engine thus generating adequate thrust quickly to propel the aircraft. Therefore airplanes using turbofan engines do not require longer runway distances to takeoff as they can generate sufficient thrust within a very short distance. Disadvantages of Turbofan Engine Despite the many advantages, turbofan engines also have some disadvantages. The key disadvantages are as discussed below Larger Frontal Area The frontal area of a turbofan engine is usually larger and this is mainly because of the large size of the fan. The large frontal area helps in drawing in more air into the engine. However, this large front area usually translates into more weight. In general, turbofan engines are usually heavier than their predecessors turbojet engines. Less Efficient at Greater Altitudes One advantage is that the efficiency of a turbofan engine is greater when the airplane is flying at a lower altitude. However, this becomes a disadvantage when the airplane is moving at a higher altitude. The less efficiency at greater altitudes means that the airplane may be difficult to control and it is likely to start consuming more fuel. Conclusion Turbofan engines have had significant impacts in the aviation industry. The engines comprises of five main parts: fan, compressor, combustor, turbine and nozzle. They generate great thrust through air flowing pass the engines core and bypass air passing through bypass duct. These engines have reduced noise levels of airplane engines, increased fuel efficiencies, reduced fuel costs for many airlines, minimized carbon emissions, and increased fuel speeds. Considering its advantages, many airlines and aircraft owners/operators prefer turbofan engines than any other gas turbine engine. With the current innovative technologies, it is expected that turbofan engines will continue improving the aviation industry in different ways. Works Cited Chmiel, M. (n.d.). How a turbofan engine works. Retrieved April 3, 2017, from https://homepages.wmich.edu/~msw8680/myppt.pdf Cutler, C. (2016). How Does A Turbofan Engine Work? Retrieved April 3, 2017, from https://www.boldmethod.com/learn-to-fly/aircraft-systems/how-does-a-jet-engine-work/ DutchOps.com. (2012). Engine Types. Retrieved April 3, 2017, from https://www.dutchops.com/Portfolio_Marcel/Articles/Engines/Engine_Types.htm Hall, N. (2015). The Turbofan Engine. Retrieved April 3, 2017, from https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/airplane/aturbf.html Lucintel. (2012). Global Commercial Aero Turbofan Engine Market, Supply Chain and Opportunities: 2011-2017. Irving, TX: Lucintel. Shields, M. and Carmel, J. (2013). Turbofan Engine Technology Upgrades How Should Suppliers React? Retrieved April 3, 2017. Stratos Jet Charters, Inc. (2010). Jet Charter Engine Basics: Why Turbofan Trumps Turbojets. Retrieved April 3, 2017, from https://www.stratosjets.com/2010/06/28/aircraft-engines-101-the-advantages-of-the-turbofan-engine-compared-to-the-turbojet-for-jet-charters/ Whitfield, B. (2016). Turbofan Engine: How It Works. Retrieved April 3, 2017, from https://www.flyingmag.com/how-it-works-turbofan-engine

Schlieffens Plan Essay Example For Students

Schlieffens Plan Essay In 1904 France and Britain signed the Entente Cordiale. The reason for this alliance was to get a few countries grouped together against the perceived threat of Germanys powerful army. Talk also began to add Russia to this alliance bringing all three, France, Britain and Russia together. As a result of these alliances the German military began to fear the possibility of being attacked from both sides all at once from France, Britain and Russia. Germany gave Alfred von Schlieffen, the German Army Chief of Staff, the responsibility for coming up with a plan to defeat the allies. This plan was called the Schlieffen Plan. The Plan involved hitting France hard, with 90 percent of the total German army. The remaining 10 percent of the army would stay back and defend again any Russian advances on Germany. Schlieffen thought that taking out France was the key to winning the war as quickly as possible. He thought that if France was defeated then Britain and Russia would not want to continue the fighting. Schlieffen estimated that it would take at least six weeks for Russia to organize there large army for an attack on Germany. This meant that it was very important that Germany was able to invade and defeat France before then. In August 1914 the Schlieffen Plan was put into effect and the German Army invaded Luxembourg and Belgium. Germany thought they would have no problem taking out the two cities but were unexpectedly held up by the Belgium army. While being held up there they were again surprised as to how quickly the Russian army was able to advance into East Prussia. Soon after which the British force also reached France and Belgium to fight against the Germans. The French and British fell back to the other side of the River Seine and regrouped. After which, another French moved in and attacked the Germans at full force and managed to cut a huge hole in the German army splitting them into two groups. The French then entered the gap between the German forces trying to keep them divided. The Germans came very close to defeating the French army until the French brought in reserve troops to reinforce the front line. The Germans could not break through the French and were soon after ordered by the German Chief of Staff to stop and retreat from the French. After the retreat the British and French then came back across the river. The Schlieffen plan did not work at all like they hoped. Germany was not able to get their quick victory over France and were instead overpowered and forced back. Although the Schlieffen Plan did not succeed, this did not mean that the German army had been beaten. The Germans retreat was a successful one and they were able to fall back and build trenches between the North Sea to the Swiss Frontier. It was good for Germany that they were able to get out in time and secure a position, but was a bad situation because it took away any possibility of a quick war.

Security Analysis Or Portfolio Management free essay sample

Before Fama and French question it, most business schools taught their student CAPM is the means of describing the relationship between expected return and risk in stocks. In 1992, Fama and French hade a study on stock market decision factors of differences between stock returns, they found the beta (sensitivity to the market return) of the CAPM cannot explain all the differences between the stock returns, and the market value, book value ratio, p/e ratio of listed companies can explain the differences between the stock returns. The Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) by Sharpe (1964), Lintner (1965), Black (1972), believe that stock returns just relative to the risk of the whole stock market. But in fact, only measures the risk cannot explain all the variation in expect returns, the sensitivity to the market return is more complicated. This article will show the different between Capital Asset Pricing Model and Fama amp; French Model, and the way to analysis the stock return. We will write a custom essay sample on Security Analysis Or Portfolio Management or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 2. Comparison of Value versus Growth Stock 2. 1 Value Stock amp; Growth Stock In this article, the researchers define the value stock as those stocks that have low ratios of book value to market value, the growth stocks as those that have low ratios of book value to market value. 2. 2 Findings of Value versus Growth Stock on Investing Most investors think the growth stocks can bring a better return, because they think those are good company, and the returns will be high. But the researchers find the growth can bring a better return, the value stocks got a high price by the market, which make their returns be low. In fact, the growth stocks have low ratios of book value to market value, it make the growth stocks get good return. 3. Determinants of stock return Fama and French founding that the market risk factor and the value-growth risk factor can explain average return of this set of large international stocks. The market risk factor is the return on an international market portfolio of stocks, and the value-growth factor is the difference between he return on an international portfolio of high book-to-market stocks and the return on an international portfolio of low book-to-market stocks. 4. Capital Asset Pricing Model vs. Fama amp; French Model 4. 1 CAMP and Its Importance The CAPM is built on a single measure of risk that explains asset returns. The CAPM helps investors determine how much they will earn by taking into account the risk of investments and the time value of money. With higher risk, the investor will want a higher rate of return for his investment. Although most researcher question CAMP, but this model still used widely in investing. Use beta to forecast single stock is different, but the investors still believe that, when the stocks’ portfolio of beta is small, it means the stock change small than the volatility of the market; when the stocks’ portfolio of beta is large, it means the stock change more than the volatility of the market. For the fund managers, this is important, they can use the CAMP, and no matter the market price is rising or falling. When the market price is falling, they can invest the portfolio of beta is low, and vice versa. 4. 2 Fama and French Explanation about Stock Return Compared with the CAMP, Fama and French use more complicated way to explain the stock return. They use three risk factors to design a more perfect model. It often used by the finance professionals to explain the risk and return of equity portfolios. In this model, the beta still is the most important risk factors. The second risk factor is the size, it compare the weighted average market value of stocks in the market. Small stocks have a different activity than big stocks in ever market. In the long run, the big stocks have low returns than small stocks. But this return is not free, the small stock have more risk. The third factor is comparing the amount of value stock exposure in relation to the market. In most companies, the value stock rend have lower earnings growth rates, higher dividends, and higher book-market value. In the long run, the value have higher return. 4. 3 Implications of the Two Models for Investors This tow models had implications for investors, although the CAPM is not accurate,but it still can help people to get investing idea for the market. First of all, the CAPM thinks the market too simple, it only considers the risk, and there are at least two additional dimensions of risk, no matter it is a domestic or international portfolios of stock, it is get rewarded in average returns. Secondly, another implication is that, it makes the investors believe the value stocks have higher returns than growth stocks in markets around the world. Looking at book-to-market equity, Fama and French found that value stocks outperformed growth stocks in 12 of 13 developed countries from 1975 to 1995, and that the difference between average returns on global portfolios of high and low book-to-market stocks was 7. 6 percent per year. Furthermore, when earnings-to-price, cash flow-to-price and dividend-to-price were examined, the value premium continued to be evident. Conclusion Although the CAPM stills an important mean to describe the relationship between expected return and risk in stocks. But CAPM has some serious flaws, especially with the assumptions of the risk-free rate and the market rate. Investors must consider current market conditions before deciding what numbers to use. Additionally, CAPM ignores taxes and transaction costs, lower returns on higher risk and adequate risk measurement. Fama and French think more about the stock return, this model use more risk factors to analysis the change of the stock price.

Essay Topics That Students Should Not Use in Their Personal Essays

Essay Topics That Students Should Not Use in Their Personal EssaysThere are many topics that can be covered in a sample of a writing assignment. As a final exam, students often use these assignments as a place to practice their skills or as a way to learn a new skill. Whatever the reason for using a sample of a writing assignment as a practice exercise, it is important to read this article to find out how.Writing assignments should not be taken literally. While they are intended to be practice exercises, students should never write their entire essays about themselves. They should concentrate on speaking about an independent topic and addressing other people. It may be easier to write about yourself in this manner, but writing about yourself in this way is not appropriate in a final exam or in a student journal or thesis. A student should make sure that all of the information in the writing assignment is presented to the reader in a neutral manner.In addition, make sure that the writ ing assignment is always concise. Many students do not focus on the important information that they must include in a final exam. When they try to write an essay about themselves, they may include too much information that is irrelevant and detracts from the main point.An excellent example of this can be found in the composition sample used for personal essays. Students often try to express their feelings, but this essay task is much more challenging than that of a regular composition. The sample of a personal essay to be used in a composition is often long and complex. While it is not impossible to complete, it will require the student to think through different sections of the essay before completing it.Students should also make sure that they are only writing about themselves in the sample of a composition. If the student finds that they need to speak to other people, they should use the written assignment as a way to practice their skills. By writing about themselves, they will learn how to write about other people as well. In addition, they will be able to see how their writing stands up to the demands of the final exam.In addition, final exams are often timed and students should pay attention to how long they have left before the time is up. In some cases, students will need to get up and walk away from the computer in order to rearrange their papers and look for important notes. This is why it is important to always begin a composition sample with the right chapter header. This will be an indication to the student that they need to pause the work for a few minutes in order to make notes. The chapter headings that are placed on top of the chapters are also there to help the student organize their thoughts and ideas.Many students find that the first chapter of the composition is most important. This is a great time to introduce the concept of the sample of a writing assignment. Before they have finished the entire essay, they will feel comfortable enough to begin writing about themselves and the other students in the composition. At this point, the student should be able to begin writing about other people.If you are looking for sample essays that you can use in class, make sure that the essay is written about a topic that you are familiar with. Try to choose a topic that has not been addressed before and also look for a good sample to write about.

The Arms Race to Peace essays

The Arms Race to Peace essays The economic and technological changes that accompanied the Industrial Revolution fundamentally altered the nature of modern warfare. Unprecedented advances in machinery and mass production made the development and production of new weapons an inevitable component of the preparation for conflict. As industrialization spread across the globe, so too did the proliferation of weapons manufacturing. Indeed, these years of progress saw the advent of the modern arms race. For decades international relations scholars have engaged in theoretical discussions about the factors that contribute to arms races. Sides have been taken on this issue and whole schools of thought have developed. Some theories contend that arms races occur in a manner consistent with a spiral model. This philosophy contends that nations engage in vertical proliferation in response to such actions by their adversaries. Other scholars argue that the source of arms races can be found in domestic politics, tracing the motivation for weapons development to an embedded military-industrial complex or ideological stasis on the part of defense hawks (Kydd 2002). Inherent in many of these theories and beliefs is a position on the ultimate impact to these arms races. This paper will address the latter of these concerns, more specifically, whether or not arms races cause war. This paper will contend that arms races are not a cause of war. This is not to say that no arms race has ever contributed in any way to conflict. However, the historical record and the aforementioned scholarly theories about weapons buildups provide compelling evidence that arms races are not an innate component of conflict. This paper will begin by discussing several instances of arms racing which did not result in conflict. I will also discuss some of the prominent wars which some contend are the result of arms races and attempt to show that these examples are misgui...

A Visit to the Animal Kingdom in Florida Essay Example for Free

A Visit to the Animal Kingdom in Florida Essay ? English Reflective Essay Florida is portrayed as a fantasy land where Mickey Mouse greets you around every corner and where Cinderella actually lives, where days go by without a single drop of rain and the sky is consistently perfectly blue. However this was the farthest thing from my mind as I sat in an immense carbon-emmiting monster whose air conditioning has spluttered and died and while the heavens poured the air was so thick and mucky that flies were sticking to the windshield as we drove, only to be washed away by the drowning rain. As this was happening, my dad who was yet to figure out his left from his right had the near-miracle task of finding our hotel. Which was almost impossible because visibility was limited to about a yard and that requires great concentration, which was hard to find after the fiasco at the airport†¦. Day 2 To my great excitement, â€Å"Animal Kingdom† was our first theme park, rather disappointing though what was hyped up to be a splendour of animal based excitement turned out to be a zoo with the odd thrill. However my memory of the first day was largely marred by Dad; with his new and shiny American muscle car; forgot that when all four doors were shut the lock system was activated. All hell broke lose! With my mum muttering and rambling nonchalantly and quietly with the odd distinguishable, â€Å"God.. men† and my dad, the man of the household and the â€Å"decisive† being, who was spouting all sorts of obscenities and was spanking the car,lightly so no damage was done but gave the impression that somehow it was the cars fault, it was up to me (seeming the only level headed member of the family) to aqcuire the basic survival needs such as food and water. With out park tickets being used for the day there was no way of buying fresh water. Giving up on the task of survival and surrending to the fate of the great over-powering Florida sunshine that was gobbling up every ounce of liquid, I went to a little ledge at the very far side of the car park and with ironic timing the edge of my eye caught sight of a little pool. And just like an oasis in the middle of the Sahara desert the temptation to drink from this minor miracle was extreme. As I squatted and stared while heavily drooling with my mouth arid there was a conflict of conscience apparent in my head. The good side was reciting the well known fact that one of the locals had stated, â€Å"In every pool of water in Florida there is an alligator. † The other â€Å"evil† side accompanied by my sailva and most major organs, was willing to tempt fate yet my good conscience claimed noble victory and I was left to dessicate. And looking back on it, it was probably a wise decision, however the journey back to the apartment was like a front row seat between Mohammed Ali and Mike Tyson. A Visit to the Animal Kingdom in Florida. (2018, Oct 27).

Personal journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Personal journal - Essay Example Over time, the regular bullying has shattered his confidence and he loathing in self-pity and slowly contempt begins to rise in him, right? Not only his actual social experience in the school good but his fake social experience in Facebook can also be a pain. When he sees people his age, his so-called friends enjoying their lives they deserve to, he feels bad about himself. The status messages of others pinch him and ultimately have a nagative impact on his mind. It makes sense, right? It seems that Facebook in a way is a breeder of competitiveness, jealousy and a forum of show-off. Facebook show-off-ers, people who change their status like a zillion times a day and post every teeny-tiny detail of their life online. If Facebook was actual world, such people would be holding large loudspeakers. But I guess we should look at the positives of Facebook, connecting friends and bringing people together like they did in Egypt and Morroco social media revolutions.

Engineering and Construction. Four Categories of Construction Research Paper

Engineering and Construction. Four Categories of Construction - Research Paper Example Therefore, construction would encompass activities such as site clearance and preparation, excavation, and landscaping that are related to the construction work. Among the structures that are often constructed are buildings, walls, masts, towers, structural cable, bridges, highways, and telecommunication structures (Hornbostel, 1991). Moreover, public facilities, infrastructures, and underground works such as tunnels and pipelines are also some of the structures that are constructed. Depending on the activities and processes involved and the type of structure developed, construction is categorized into residential, industrial, engineering, and building construction (Auer et al., 2007). For instance, the industrial category of construction entails the installation of industrial plants and facilities such as oil refineries and sugar factories. On the other hand, the residential category of construction refers to the construction of family homes and other family projects. However, there are other minor categories of construction such as infrastructure, institutional, and pre-engineered categories of construction. A vital point to note is that each category of construction has specific requirements in terms of plans, designs, materials, and funding. This paper explores the four main categories of construction, which are residential, industrial, engineering, and building construction. ... Nevertheless, in situations where property owners are experienced and conversant with building construction, careful and detailed planning has always ensured positive outcome of building construction projects. In the building construction of commercial buildings, private or public procurement methodologies such as cost estimation, price negotiation, management contracting and design-build bridging are applied (Hornbostel, 1991). An important characteristic of building construction is that it entails the assembly of structures for the provision of shelters. The construction of building is in fact, an ancient activity that man has undertaken since time immemorial. The adverse effects of harsh climates on man are perhaps the origin of building construction since man had to moderate or eliminate these effects of climate. Building construction is thus a means by which man seeks to adapt to the environment. The different climatic zones that people inhabit on earth have led to the designing of different buildings by man. In addition, there are the economic aspects of building construction and design that have greatly influenced the building construction industry in the world. Just like any other economic products, building construction materials and products command certain ranges of prices/costs and values to customers or clients. The other economic or cost-related elements of building construction are the security systems and protection requirements. Most important in this regard is the physical security of a property. In recent times, it has become a necessity, due to the increased security technologies, for property owners and

Manic Depressive Treatments Essay -- Psychology Lithium Medical Essays

Manic Depressive Treatments Introduction Lithium was discovered in 1949 by John Cade as a treatment for bipolar disorder. Since then, lithium has become a highly utilized medication for manic depression. Chemistry of Lithium and Route of Access Name: Lithium Group number: 1 Symbol: Li Group name: Alkali metal Atomic weight: [6.941 (2)] g m r Period number: 2 CAS Registry ID: 7439-93-2 Block: s-block Standard state: solid at 293 K Color: silvery white/gray Classification: Metallic Lithium is a Group 1 (IA) element containing just a single valence electron (1s22s1). Group 1 elements are called "alkali metals". Lithium is a solid only about half as dense as water. A freshly cut chunk of lithium is silvery, but tarnishes in a minute or so in air to give a gray surface. Lithium is mixed (alloyed) with aluminum and magnesium for lightweight alloys, and is also used in batteries, some greases, some glasses, and in medicine. Lithium would not normally be made in the laboratory as it is so readily available commercially. All syntheses require an electrolytic step as it is so difficult to add an electron to the poorly electronegative lithium ion Li+. The ore spodumene, LiAl(SiO3)2, is the most important commercial ore containing lithium. The a form is first converted into the softer b form by heating to around 1100Â °C. This is mixed carefully with hot sulphuric acid and extracted into water to form lithium sulphate, Li2SO4, solution. The sulphate is washed with sodium carbonate, Na2CO3, to form a precipitate of the relatively insoluble lithium carbonate, Li2CO3. Li2SO4 + Na2CO3 Na2SO4 + Li2CO3 (solid) Reaction of lithium carbonate wi... ...y, Robert L. (Eds.) (2004). Psychology Treatment of Bipolar Disorder. New York: The Guilford Press. Kalat, James W. (2004). Biological Psychology. Canada: Wadsworth. Knable, Michael B. and Torrey E. Fuller. (2002). Surviving Manic Depression. New York: Basic Books. Leavitt, Fred. (1995). Drugs and Behavior. California: Sage Publications. Lithium's Effects on Bipolar Disease. Retrieved: March 5, 2005. From: http://sulcus.berkeley.edu/mcb/165_001/papers/manuscripts/_422.h tml Opresko, Dennis M. (May 1995). Toxicity Summary for Lithium. Retrieved: March 3, 2005. From: http://risk.lsd.ornl.gov/tox/profiles/lith.shtml. Winter, Mark (1993-2003). Chemistry: WebElements Periodic Table: Professional Edition: Lithium: Key Information. Retrieved: February 28, 2005. From: http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Li/key.html. Manic Depressive Treatments Essay -- Psychology Lithium Medical Essays Manic Depressive Treatments Introduction Lithium was discovered in 1949 by John Cade as a treatment for bipolar disorder. Since then, lithium has become a highly utilized medication for manic depression. Chemistry of Lithium and Route of Access Name: Lithium Group number: 1 Symbol: Li Group name: Alkali metal Atomic weight: [6.941 (2)] g m r Period number: 2 CAS Registry ID: 7439-93-2 Block: s-block Standard state: solid at 293 K Color: silvery white/gray Classification: Metallic Lithium is a Group 1 (IA) element containing just a single valence electron (1s22s1). Group 1 elements are called "alkali metals". Lithium is a solid only about half as dense as water. A freshly cut chunk of lithium is silvery, but tarnishes in a minute or so in air to give a gray surface. Lithium is mixed (alloyed) with aluminum and magnesium for lightweight alloys, and is also used in batteries, some greases, some glasses, and in medicine. Lithium would not normally be made in the laboratory as it is so readily available commercially. All syntheses require an electrolytic step as it is so difficult to add an electron to the poorly electronegative lithium ion Li+. The ore spodumene, LiAl(SiO3)2, is the most important commercial ore containing lithium. The a form is first converted into the softer b form by heating to around 1100Â °C. This is mixed carefully with hot sulphuric acid and extracted into water to form lithium sulphate, Li2SO4, solution. The sulphate is washed with sodium carbonate, Na2CO3, to form a precipitate of the relatively insoluble lithium carbonate, Li2CO3. Li2SO4 + Na2CO3 Na2SO4 + Li2CO3 (solid) Reaction of lithium carbonate wi... ...y, Robert L. (Eds.) (2004). Psychology Treatment of Bipolar Disorder. New York: The Guilford Press. Kalat, James W. (2004). Biological Psychology. Canada: Wadsworth. Knable, Michael B. and Torrey E. Fuller. (2002). Surviving Manic Depression. New York: Basic Books. Leavitt, Fred. (1995). Drugs and Behavior. California: Sage Publications. Lithium's Effects on Bipolar Disease. Retrieved: March 5, 2005. From: http://sulcus.berkeley.edu/mcb/165_001/papers/manuscripts/_422.h tml Opresko, Dennis M. (May 1995). Toxicity Summary for Lithium. Retrieved: March 3, 2005. From: http://risk.lsd.ornl.gov/tox/profiles/lith.shtml. Winter, Mark (1993-2003). Chemistry: WebElements Periodic Table: Professional Edition: Lithium: Key Information. Retrieved: February 28, 2005. From: http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Li/key.html.