To Defend Free Speech Or Not - Free Essay Example

University campuses are subject to debates across the country. Students are speaking out against racial injustice revealed in unwelcoming, sometimes hostile environments on college campuses. But to some, their demands have gone too far. Are the protestors silencing free speech, or are they just trying to be heard? And are the universities responding by defending free speech, or by suppressing it? This paper attempts to discuss these questions. Review of literature The freedom of speech has been defined by the New World Encyclopedia as the right to express oneself, either orally or in writing, without fear of governmental restraint or retribution. In the Unites States, this freedom is protected by the 1st Amendment to the Constitution, and is considered essential to the strength of the government. At the core of 1st Amendment concerns is the protection of expression that is critical of government policies. As with other civil liberties, the freedom of speech does not exist in a vacuum. Limitations of freedom of speech arise when it comes to the violation of the rights of others. Freedom of speech is not protected when it comes to expressions involving slander, harassment, obscenity, subversion, or criminal conduct (Funk Wagnalls, 2016). The concept of freedom of speech developed gradually due to societal problems of the Middle-Ages. For example, in England, freedom of speech emerged due to struggles for individual liberties and democratic government starting in the 16th century. In France, the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen was issued after the French Revolution in 1789 which included the right of freedom of speech to citizens. In the U.S., freedom of speech was included in the Constitution of the United States, starting with that of Virginia in 1776. It was abridged by congress in 1798 by the passage of the Alien and Sedition Acts which in which it was deemed illegal to stand-in opposition to the government. During the industrialization era, problems of free speech were connected with unionization. During World War I, academic freedom was impaired and the freedom of speech was abridged in cases of foreigners, labor organizers, pacifists, and radicals. In Europe, freedom of speech was abolished by the totalitarian governments of some countries. Freedom of speech regained strength with the Unive rsal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948 when it was declared as a fundamental right by the United Nations. Since then, the courts became protective of this concept (Funk Wagnalls, 2016). In 2014, two fraternity students were expelled from the University of Oklahoma after an online video was streamed showing them singing a racist song on a bus. The president of the university explained that the two students were expelled because of their leadership role in leading a racist and exclusionary chant which created a hostile educational environment for others. Several argue that the racist chant was protected under the Constitution (Papandrea, 2017). In 2017, Latino students at Cornell University complained to the school that fraternity brothers were heard shouting that they wanted a wall be built around the Latino Living Center on campus. The Latino students demanded an apology and that the fraternity undergo diversity training. They also asked that the school recognizes that there is an environment of discrimination on campus. The university expressed concerns about the incident but also recognized the right of open expression. A Latino student responded to the university statement by stating: Free speech is not speech that is aimed to hurt; free speech that dehumanizes is not free (Steinmetz, 2017). These two incidents catch a glimpse of what is happening on university campuses. Campuses across the country are divided as students and university personnel are trying to fight against discrimination while preserving freedom of speech. Censoring and even punishing students who engage in offensive speech is on the rise among universities (Papandrea, 2017). Universities are struggling more than ever to create a balance between adhering to the First Amendment as it applies to the freedom of speech while creating inclusive communities. The pressure to punish offensive speech increases as does the criticism to this pressure. With the development in technology, complications as to whether and when a university should or can punish students for their online offensive activities. Instead of appreciating the traditional role that the universities play in sharing and discussing ideas, students, alumni, and the public seem to think that whenever a college tolerates offensive speech, it is also endorsing these viewpoints (Papandrea, 2017). The Supreme Court has held that flag burning, public displays insulting American institutions, and published documents critical of America and the government, in particular, are constitutional exercises of free speech and that they are therefore protected from government-imposed limits. Also, the Supreme Court has held that so-called reasonable time, place and manner restrictions on free speech are constitutional. For example, keeping potentially violent protestors separated while they demonstrate at the same location is one of those vital constitutional limits a government can place on free speech. U.S. Attorney General Jeff Sessions shared that thirty-three percent of public universities have speech codes that constrict free speech . . . under the First Amendment. He warned schools and their leaders to ensure that freedom of expression be protected. As Sessions said, speech is under assault on college campuses. According to Sessions, those assaults are deemed unconstitutional (Youn g, T., 2017). Friedersdorf (2016) also shared that free speech is threatened on campus. He cited Professor Shaun Harper, head of the Center for the Study of Race and Equity in Education at the University of Pennsylvania who noted that there has been a significant increase in the demand for our campus climate work. Friedersdorf summarized examples of demands to punish speech on college campuses: The Wall Street Journal reported a survey of 800 college students that found 51 percent favored speech codes. Yale protestors formally asked the university to fire two professors in residence life because they were upset by an email one of them wrote. Amherst students called for a speech code sanctioning a student for making an All Lives Matter poster. Student activists at Duke asked for disciplinary sanctions for students who attend culturally insensitive parties, etc. At Emory, student activists asked that student evaluations include a field to report microaggressions to help ensure that there are repercu ssions or sanctions, and that the social network Yik Yak be banished from campus. Another narrow area of campus expression that is under threat: The formal speech. In 2015 alone, Robin Steinberg was disinvited from Harvards law school, and Suzanne Venker from Williams College. The rapper Big Sean was almost disinvited from Princeton at the request of students. Efforts are seen to censor speakers based on their viewpoints. Free speech on campus is threatened from a dozen directions. It is threatened by administrators, and students who are intolerant of disagreements in point of views. It is threatened by activists asking for speech codes and sanctions for professors or classmates who disagree with them. It is threatened by people who push to disinvite speakers because of their viewpoints and those who shut down events to prevent people from speaking. Although free speech advocates believe that viewpoints need to be heard before getting rejected, others say that if viewpoints invalidate the humanity of some people then restrictions should apply (Ulrich, 2017). While there is a recent focus on reducing/eliminating hate speech on campuses, first amendment advocates are accusing universities and colleges of being squeamish about exposing students to ideas that make them feel uncomfortable. In a poll published by William Buckley, 50% of students said they often felt intimidated to offer views that differ from their classmates or professors. Sixty-three percent of students said that they thought political correctness was a problem on campus, while 50% said they favor their school banning political cartoons on campus that criticize a particular religion or ethnicity. Ron Krotoszynki, professor of law at the University of Alabama shared that Universities need to secure an environment where it protects its core missions of teaching, learning and research, but at the same time, universities cant maintain that environment without regard to First Amendment rights (Madhani Yu, 2015). Discussion The university is the place where students should be challenged, and where everything they know should be put into question. Being subjected to controversial issues is essential for them to think critically. Experiences they face allows them to grow. Universities will not do students a favor by overprotecting them from the real world. It represents a transition stage into adulthood, where students start to analyze and take a stance about what is out-there, what is waiting for them after graduation. The university setting is a place where students from different backgrounds and values come together and learn from each other. The experiences they face allow them to question preconceptions they have and decide for themselves what to believe in and how to proceed in the face of social and controversial issues. The Supreme Court has supported freedom of speech as essential to the atmosphere of the college/university. Nonetheless, racist speech does do psychological harm to students who already are feeling oppressed. Alienation, depression, and anger are consequences of such speech. Millennials are being described as a generation of snowflakes, quick to melt like snow in the sun when challenged. Some argue that the university setting provides a safe space for victims of racism and/or oppression to fight back and educate others about their experiences and the harm that racism does in general. Other believe that victims will get more alienated thinking that the university is just another place supporting racism. So, what is the ethical thing to do and what should universities do in the face of these different point of views? Some universities have chosen to take action by generating codes of conduct and refuting speeches deemed to create hostility or intimidation towards minority students. Others created codes banning verbal assaults. The First Amendment does not deny the university the right to identify sanctions when it comes to usage of obscenity, abuse, or defamation. The confusion stands when it comes to defining these words as they apply to universities settings and managing tensions between eliminating racism and protecting students while also protecting their constitutional rights.

Overcoming Grief through Integration of Counseling and Spirituality - 17875 Words

Overcoming Grief through Integration of Counseling and Spirituality (Dissertation Sample) Content: MSC DISSERTATIONUniversityInstitute of Religious StudiesWORD COUNT 14,559 (EXC APPENDICES)REDUCINGOvercoming Grief through Integration of Counseling and Spirituality.Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of Master of Religious and CounselingByName:Id. No.Dissertation supervisor:May 2104DeclarationI à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬.., confirm that this work submitted for assessment is my own and is expressed in my own words. Any uses made within it of the works of other authors in any form (e.g. ideas, equations, figures, text, tables, programs) are properly acknowledged At the point of their use. A full list of the references employed has been included.Signed: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Date: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã ¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬TABLE OF CONTENTItem NoDescriptionPage No.AbstractIntroduction 5Chapter One Statement of the problem 6Purpose of the Study 7Chapter TwoLiterature Review 9Phase Of Grief 12Shock/Acknowledgement 14Denial/Acceptance 16Guilt 17Depression 19Anger 19Forgiveness 20Hope / Action and Letting Go 22Spirituality. 26Chapter 3: Methodology 28Chapter 4:Findings 29Important elements of spirituality 29Spirituality and benefits. 30Health benefits. 30Mental health benefits 32Spiritual Psychology 35Mind, Body and Spirit 37The Conscious Self: The Physical Mind 38The Higher Conscious Self: The Soul Mind 38The Super Conscious Self: The Spirit Mind 39The Divine Consciousness 39Spiritual interventions 40Pray er. 41Biblical guidelines. 44Counselor roles and competencies 46Existential Therapy 51Chapter 5: Discussion, Conclusion and Recommendation 55Dealing with Grief 55Summary and Conclusions 59REFERENCES 60AcknowledgementsAbstractAlthough sanguinity, societal support, piousness, and devoutness are imperative prognosticators of alteration, rarely have studies scrutinized these variables concurrently. This study investigated whether hopefulness and societal support arbitrated the affiliation between spirituality and alteration (grief and lifetime fulfillment) and between religiousness and alteration. Findings designate that the affiliation between inherent spirituality and lifetime satisfaction and between supplication gratification and life satisfaction was arbitrated by hopefulness and societal support. Additionally, the rapport between spirituality and alteration varied depending on how spirituality was operationali zed and whether optimistic versus undesirable modification pointers were used..CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTIONStatement of the problem.Spirituality and counseling is an essential and vital element in the lives of many individuals. There has been a topical explosion of studies and research in this area. Spirituality is regarded as one of the four modules of overall well-being (Mohr, 2006). The four indispensable constituents of an individual, as noted by Mohr (2006), are the corporeal, demonstrative, communal, and mystical dimensions.Spirituality and counseling may also play an imperative part in the individuality of an individual. People often make choices based upon their belief and may even observe certain rules of living established upon their mystical beliefs. Research has shown that devoutness is associated with values of completeness, hopefulness, connotation, synchronization, and transcending (Oà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ Reilly, 2004). These values help characters cope with stressors in the world a nd endeavor toward attainment of their natural potential. An imperative factor is ignored when the clinician fails to integrate devoutness into the management of a mystical individual.The research and development of several methods related to incorporation have evolved over time (Richards, Rector, Tjeltveit, 1999). These methods are moderately new, receiving mixed assessments from individuals in the field of psychology. In general, some clinicians are cynical about the incorporation of spirituality and therapy, based on the belief that this new branch of psychology may be seen as irrational or invalid (Lindridge, 2008). Other therapists, however, have embraced this new purview and continue to work towards a vigorous integration of spirituality into their practice (Shafranske Sperry, 1990)The cognitive-behavioral method has extended to include spirituality. Within this approach, the therapist exploits the basic doctrines of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) in permutation with sp iritual values and beliefs to treat the client (Beitel, Genova, Schuman-Olivier, Arnold, Avants, Margolin, 2007). Integrating a theory that is empirically authenticated with new tenets of spirituality will allow the testing of a theory of incremental cogency by amalgamating these two approaches. Once the two approaches are combined, it is practicable for the investigator to test this new approach to provide empirical corroboration.Research has shown that cognitive-behavioral therapy is an operative form of treatment for persons who are experiencing depressive indicators (Beck, 1997). Additional studies suggest that features of spirituality assist in diminishing depressive symptoms (Blazer, 2007). The incorporation of spirituality in cognitive-behavioral therapy may assist in alleviating the depressive symptoms of a religious client. The treatment embraces the physical, emotional, social, and spiritual facets of the client through the application of a holistic approach that addresse s each of these domains.Purpose of the study.The purpose of this study was the creation of an integrated approach to address overcoming grief by combining spirituality and counseling. A case study was used to analyze the effects of a spiritually informed cognitive behavioral approach and its effects on depression. A manualized treatment approach references the works of cognitive-behavioral therapists and spiritually oriented treatments that combine cognitive-behavioral techniques with spiritual components. Measures of depression, religiosity, therapeutic alliance, treatment adherence, and cognitive distortions establish a baseline and assess treatment progress throughout the case study. The impact of the designed manualized treatment was examined.CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEWIn our day-to-day life, people go through different trials and tribulations. The various trials people face in their life sometimes causes a lot of grief and destabilizes their emotions. These trials may include facing the physical death of a loved one, or traumatic events such as abuse or rape. This causes an individual to go through different phases of grief and internal conflict. Grief occurs not just from the loss of a loved one, a relationship, a family pet, a job, one's health or independence. It also occurs when individuals feel the loss of their own freedom, security, and innocence, especially when these events are associated with victimization and trauma.Kenneth Pargament, professor of psychology at Bowling Green University, has published extensively on the value of religion and spirituality in coping with grief. He writes, "Illness, accident, interpersonal conflicts, divorce, layoffs, and death are more than just à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"significant life events.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ They raise profound and disturbing questions about our place and purpose in the world, they point to the limits of our powers, and they underscore out finitude. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ These deep questions call for a spiritual respon se." (Pargament, 2007, p. 11)Sometimes it is hard to separate the effects of a physical loss with those of abuse or victimization. Most of the times when a person is in a grief mood he or she is asking herself many questions of why and at the same time trying to heal. Understanding the phases of grief and allowing oneself to feel as the individual moves through those phases can help with the healing process. There is more to the understanding than just reading and allowing the self to feel the emotions.While in grief, an individual must make a conscious effort to control their actions in an effort to move forward instead of allowing the situation to anchor their mental health in the past. The key is to not allow the past and actions of others to control you now or in your future. We can't go back and change the things we went through. However, we can learn from them, heal ourselves in the process and let go of the control these events and the people involved in them may have on our life.Grief can be defined by the various occurrences of a number of events in an individualà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s life. It is during this period that many people feel the most alone and segregated from the world around them. Grief can also be the ultimate example of Existentialism in action. It comes in many forms of loss. Loss of a treasured one, an affiliation, a household pet, a job, one's wellbeing or individuality, even one's own liberty. Different people from dealing with loss in many forms, from hopelessness to renunciation or more solemn antiphons that disturb a personà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s wellbeing and mental health.Everyone has a way of dealing with every day grief, t... Overcoming Grief through Integration of Counseling and Spirituality - 17875 Words Overcoming Grief through Integration of Counseling and Spirituality (Dissertation Sample) Content: MSC DISSERTATIONUniversityInstitute of Religious StudiesWORD COUNT 14,559 (EXC APPENDICES)REDUCINGOvercoming Grief through Integration of Counseling and Spirituality.Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of Master of Religious and CounselingByName:Id. No.Dissertation supervisor:May 2104DeclarationI à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬.., confirm that this work submitted for assessment is my own and is expressed in my own words. Any uses made within it of the works of other authors in any form (e.g. ideas, equations, figures, text, tables, programs) are properly acknowledged At the point of their use. A full list of the references employed has been included.Signed: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Date: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã ¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬TABLE OF CONTENTItem NoDescriptionPage No.AbstractIntroduction 5Chapter One Statement of the problem 6Purpose of the Study 7Chapter TwoLiterature Review 9Phase Of Grief 12Shock/Acknowledgement 14Denial/Acceptance 16Guilt 17Depression 19Anger 19Forgiveness 20Hope / Action and Letting Go 22Spirituality. 26Chapter 3: Methodology 28Chapter 4:Findings 29Important elements of spirituality 29Spirituality and benefits. 30Health benefits. 30Mental health benefits 32Spiritual Psychology 35Mind, Body and Spirit 37The Conscious Self: The Physical Mind 38The Higher Conscious Self: The Soul Mind 38The Super Conscious Self: The Spirit Mind 39The Divine Consciousness 39Spiritual interventions 40Pray er. 41Biblical guidelines. 44Counselor roles and competencies 46Existential Therapy 51Chapter 5: Discussion, Conclusion and Recommendation 55Dealing with Grief 55Summary and Conclusions 59REFERENCES 60AcknowledgementsAbstractAlthough sanguinity, societal support, piousness, and devoutness are imperative prognosticators of alteration, rarely have studies scrutinized these variables concurrently. This study investigated whether hopefulness and societal support arbitrated the affiliation between spirituality and alteration (grief and lifetime fulfillment) and between religiousness and alteration. Findings designate that the affiliation between inherent spirituality and lifetime satisfaction and between supplication gratification and life satisfaction was arbitrated by hopefulness and societal support. Additionally, the rapport between spirituality and alteration varied depending on how spirituality was operationali zed and whether optimistic versus undesirable modification pointers were used..CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTIONStatement of the problem.Spirituality and counseling is an essential and vital element in the lives of many individuals. There has been a topical explosion of studies and research in this area. Spirituality is regarded as one of the four modules of overall well-being (Mohr, 2006). The four indispensable constituents of an individual, as noted by Mohr (2006), are the corporeal, demonstrative, communal, and mystical dimensions.Spirituality and counseling may also play an imperative part in the individuality of an individual. People often make choices based upon their belief and may even observe certain rules of living established upon their mystical beliefs. Research has shown that devoutness is associated with values of completeness, hopefulness, connotation, synchronization, and transcending (Oà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ Reilly, 2004). These values help characters cope with stressors in the world a nd endeavor toward attainment of their natural potential. An imperative factor is ignored when the clinician fails to integrate devoutness into the management of a mystical individual.The research and development of several methods related to incorporation have evolved over time (Richards, Rector, Tjeltveit, 1999). These methods are moderately new, receiving mixed assessments from individuals in the field of psychology. In general, some clinicians are cynical about the incorporation of spirituality and therapy, based on the belief that this new branch of psychology may be seen as irrational or invalid (Lindridge, 2008). Other therapists, however, have embraced this new purview and continue to work towards a vigorous integration of spirituality into their practice (Shafranske Sperry, 1990)The cognitive-behavioral method has extended to include spirituality. Within this approach, the therapist exploits the basic doctrines of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) in permutation with sp iritual values and beliefs to treat the client (Beitel, Genova, Schuman-Olivier, Arnold, Avants, Margolin, 2007). Integrating a theory that is empirically authenticated with new tenets of spirituality will allow the testing of a theory of incremental cogency by amalgamating these two approaches. Once the two approaches are combined, it is practicable for the investigator to test this new approach to provide empirical corroboration.Research has shown that cognitive-behavioral therapy is an operative form of treatment for persons who are experiencing depressive indicators (Beck, 1997). Additional studies suggest that features of spirituality assist in diminishing depressive symptoms (Blazer, 2007). The incorporation of spirituality in cognitive-behavioral therapy may assist in alleviating the depressive symptoms of a religious client. The treatment embraces the physical, emotional, social, and spiritual facets of the client through the application of a holistic approach that addresse s each of these domains.Purpose of the study.The purpose of this study was the creation of an integrated approach to address overcoming grief by combining spirituality and counseling. A case study was used to analyze the effects of a spiritually informed cognitive behavioral approach and its effects on depression. A manualized treatment approach references the works of cognitive-behavioral therapists and spiritually oriented treatments that combine cognitive-behavioral techniques with spiritual components. Measures of depression, religiosity, therapeutic alliance, treatment adherence, and cognitive distortions establish a baseline and assess treatment progress throughout the case study. The impact of the designed manualized treatment was examined.CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEWIn our day-to-day life, people go through different trials and tribulations. The various trials people face in their life sometimes causes a lot of grief and destabilizes their emotions. These trials may include facing the physical death of a loved one, or traumatic events such as abuse or rape. This causes an individual to go through different phases of grief and internal conflict. Grief occurs not just from the loss of a loved one, a relationship, a family pet, a job, one's health or independence. It also occurs when individuals feel the loss of their own freedom, security, and innocence, especially when these events are associated with victimization and trauma.Kenneth Pargament, professor of psychology at Bowling Green University, has published extensively on the value of religion and spirituality in coping with grief. He writes, "Illness, accident, interpersonal conflicts, divorce, layoffs, and death are more than just à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"significant life events.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ They raise profound and disturbing questions about our place and purpose in the world, they point to the limits of our powers, and they underscore out finitude. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ These deep questions call for a spiritual respon se." (Pargament, 2007, p. 11)Sometimes it is hard to separate the effects of a physical loss with those of abuse or victimization. Most of the times when a person is in a grief mood he or she is asking herself many questions of why and at the same time trying to heal. Understanding the phases of grief and allowing oneself to feel as the individual moves through those phases can help with the healing process. There is more to the understanding than just reading and allowing the self to feel the emotions.While in grief, an individual must make a conscious effort to control their actions in an effort to move forward instead of allowing the situation to anchor their mental health in the past. The key is to not allow the past and actions of others to control you now or in your future. We can't go back and change the things we went through. However, we can learn from them, heal ourselves in the process and let go of the control these events and the people involved in them may have on our life.Grief can be defined by the various occurrences of a number of events in an individualà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s life. It is during this period that many people feel the most alone and segregated from the world around them. Grief can also be the ultimate example of Existentialism in action. It comes in many forms of loss. Loss of a treasured one, an affiliation, a household pet, a job, one's wellbeing or individuality, even one's own liberty. Different people from dealing with loss in many forms, from hopelessness to renunciation or more solemn antiphons that disturb a personà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s wellbeing and mental health.Everyone has a way of dealing with every day grief, t...

How to Cancel Units - Chemistry Metric Conversions

Are Computers Changing the Way Humans Think - 988 Words

There has always been controversy as to whether computers hurt the way people think. Computers have hurt society more than it has helped. Although computers have benefits such as helping you for school work in making quicker decisions for you, and it makes it easier to do essays by using word; it has also hurt society because it makes us become lazier, makes online dating dangerous, and makes people addicted to the Internet. One benefit of computers is that they help students with school work. Students are able to find things quicker for research papers, etc. Also it can be easier for students to type instead of writing out their essays. Students can get ideas from people through blogs and chat. ( Christine Zuchora - Walske 61)†¦show more content†¦People can really be meeting kidnappers or someone dangerous they don’t even know about. When they tell them about him/her self people go along with everything they have to say. Online dating can lead to violence and finding them in jail or dead. Then when all that stuff happens family members going crazy and feel sad because what has happen to their loved one. People also talk to someone from the Internet because things are going thru there mind or something is going on with them that they try to find a way to leave there house. One good reason for online dating is that some people will end up finding there true love on the Internet. Findi ng someone’s true love there can change there whole life to worse than better or vice versa it is very dangerous. Online dating should stop and they need to stop with facebook, and all the other online dating websites that they have now. Parents should know what their kids get on and they should get there passwords for any website they have and check who they communicate with that’s my opinion. Online dating needs to stop immediately! ( Ford, Matt. Web.) The biggest drawback in using the Internet is it has made students constantly on it wanting to be on it that’s what you called â€Å" Addicted†. Students being on the computer has caused damaged to the eye sight or brain damaged. Students can literally goShow MoreRelatedHow People View the World Influences the Tools Used to Obtain Knowledge744 Words   |  3 Pagesinformation, and the knowledge acquired from it, wisely. In Sherry Turkle’s essay How Computers Change the Way We Think she opens with the statement, â€Å"The tools we use to think change the way in which we think†(1). Turkle argues that computers are changing the way that people process information, and it is possible that people are losing a part of themselves and forgetting fundamental aspects of what it means to be human. Similar themes can be found in Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein. As an educator TurkleRead MorePros And Cons Of Technology986 Words   |  4 PagesTechnology has a dramatic effect on the way we gather and use information. It has impacted daily lives and changed the way people perceive and process information. Many articles have been written about the effects on humans of having so much information immediately available to them. Clive Thompson, a Canadian freelance a journalist and technology writer, discusses the pros and cons of technology use in his book â€Å"Smarter than you think: How Technology is Changing Our Mind for the Better.† Another authorRead MoreIs Google Making Us Stupid?1422 Words   |  6 PagesWorldwide Web, telephones, telegraphs and other technologies human race has advanced with a speed, which was never even imagined few decades, down the line. Many people have been impacted with this change and a lot of people have questioned the effects of Internet on cognitive abilities and Human brain. There has been a debate to this argument whether Internet has a negative impact on cognition and human brain thus de-humanizing the human race or is it benefitting us by reaching the unimagined areasRead MoreTechnology Is Transforming Us Economy1717 Words   |  7 PagesTransforming the U.S economy A Review of the Literature Over the past decades, technology, social and economic changes have revolutionized the structure of the American community. Every day the technology is changing, new inventions and new knowledge are developing. The transformation that is happening is changing the life of many families in the United States. These changes are for a better future. However, the cost is that many institutions and business are being left behind. People, companies, and institutionsRead MoreIs Google Making Us Stupid: Summary and Response Essay1145 Words   |  5 PagesCarr Over history technology has changed mankind’s overall culture. From clocks to computers the use of electronics and tools is occurring every day in almost all situations. In Carr’s article â€Å"Is Google Making us Stupid?† he introduces the idea how the internet is changing our lives by making us mentally process information differently from the past, based off previous changes in history. Carr explains how we think less deeply and rely on quick facts, versus using critical thinking and research.Read MoreThe Argument That The Internet Is Changing The Way Of Thinking1042 Words   |  5 PagesIn a world where an answer to a problem is only 0.37 seconds away, some people wonder how our ways of thinking have changed. Having the internet at our fingertips is changing the way people view the world. Nicholas Carr makes the argument that the internet is changing the way a person processes information by using scientific jargon, personal testimonies, and the comparison of technology. Carr uses many different kinds of scientific words and phrases thought out his essay. In one section of theRead MoreThe Glass Cage, By Tim Berners1612 Words   |  7 Pages A computer is a device that can be given a specific set of instructions to perform a tasks under logical terms. Computers were created as tools to assist humanity in solving problems and achieving goals. During the events of World War II, computers were developed to decipher encryption amongst telegraph messages between the Allies and the Axis. These events have lead to modern day encryption to keep us safe in the case of losing our social security status or our bank accounts robbed. Which is aRead MoreIs Google Making Us Stupid?1562 Words   |  7 Pageslazier and a less intelligent society. Little do we know our brains are being re-wired and re-programmed by the technology we use every day. Nicholas Carr wrote an article called â€Å"Is Google making us stupid?† In the article he talks about the differ ent ways electronic advancements have directly affected society today. Dave Buckley, an author with a similar idea of how electronics run society today, wrote a short essay called â€Å"Why Don’t We Complain?† Within the essay he talks briefly on different electronicsRead MoreThe Problem Of Computer Ethics951 Words   |  4 Pagesdiscussed about the difference between the computers from other technologies and how this difference makes a difference in ethical considerations. The concerns listed by the author are related to software, hardware, networks connecting computers and computers themselves. The main problem in computer ethics occurs because of policy vacuum about how computer technology should be used. Social and personal policies play an important role in ethical use of computer technology. Conceptual vacuum adds to policyRead MoreShould We Continue Use The Internet For Everything? Essay1403 Words   |  6 Pagesto better our lives and make them easier. The internet betters the lives of many people every day. Technology is not necessarily making us stupid or driving us apart; it is increasing the overall intelligence of the population sometimes in different ways than what is traditionally considered smart. Authors such as Nicholas Carr have written about technology and why they believe that it is making us stupid. One specific point that he introduces is that the use of the internet and technology has reduced

The Impacts Of Premarital Sex And Cohabitation On Marriage

Phat (Kevin) Phan English 1302 Professor Randall Watson December 8th, 2014 The Impacts of Premarital Sex and Cohabitation on Marriage Becoming popular from the 1950s until now, premarital sex and premarital cohabitation have been considered as the norms in the United States. While most people agree that premarital sex is one of the ways to find out whether the couple is perfect for each other, others incline its consequences. Because the United States is described as the Salad Bowl, in which numerous ethnicities, religions, and cultures are not assimilable, it exists some different perceptions about sex out of marriage. By reviewing the reasons and pointing the consequences of having sex and living together before marriage, it is obvious†¦show more content†¦Defending the judgment that premarital sex and cohabitation is acceptable and permissible, people who had sex before their marriage or just agree with it expound some reasons. First of all, living together and sex outside marriage have been increasing because of social pressure. In a community, a person who does not follow common norms is abnormal. Acc ording to the research in 2011, Mashau learned that a person would be seen as stupid, rural, and sophisticated without participating in premarital sex as his/her peers. It means that some people might neither agree nor disagree with premarital sex, yet they try to ‘simulate’ what most people do in order to be ‘normal’. Giving another reason to protect their opinion, people believe having sex and living together before marriage help them be ready for marriage. Marriage is the most important event in a person’s life; thus, everyone wants to find a fitting spouse with whom they are going to live in the rest of the life. They worried a wrong decision will destroy their marriage, even their life. The contribution of premarital sex and cohabitation is a suitable choice which not only helps the couples understand each other but also gets their relationship closer. The couples believe engaging in sex and living together before marriage are the processes whic h they are more likely experience the needs of marriage than the couples did not. As a result, the couples that think they

Immigration And The United States - 965 Words

Immigration is what shapes the picture of today’s present-day world. Traveling from country to country for trading and other necessities or personal reasons has been popular since historic times. Immigration means the one way movement of people to a specific country or place. People, or immigrants, move out of their native country for numerous reasons. The aspiration for a better life and future and improved employment opportunities are the key driving forces for immigrants to migrate. The United States is no less than immigrants coming from diverse parts of the world. Because of this, the United States implemented immigration laws and policies. The United States immigration policy has endured great change since the era of the 20th century. There are several reasons that have subsidized to this change in policy. These reasons being poverty, lack of jobs and political problems. The United States has altered its immigration policy various times in the past century but the motive s for immigration have stayed mostly the same. Immigration has continuously played an essential role in American History. The United States current immigration policy continues to be the utmost open immigration policy in the world. Once certain states approved immigration laws after the Civil War, the Supreme Court in 1875 stated that the regulation of immigration is a federal responsibility. The immigration service was then established in 1891 to deal with the vast rise in immigration which took placeShow MoreRelatedImmigration And The United States986 Words   |  4 PagesImmigration in the United States continues to increase rapidly year by year. According to an analysis of monthly Census Bureau data by the Center for Immigration Studies, the immigration population in the United States, both legal and illegal, hit a record of 42.1 million in the second quarter of this year, an increase of 1.7 million since the same quarter of 2014 (CIS.org). Clearly, Immigrants make up a large part of the population in the United States, and for most immigrants, migrating to theRead MoreImmigration Of The United States1399 Words   |  6 Pages Michelle Faed English 126 Immigration in the United States The United States of America, being a country established by immigrants, is known all over the world as the land of great opportunities. People from all walks of life travelled across the globe, taking a chance to find a better life for them and their family. Over the years, the population of immigrants has grown immensely, resulting in the currently controversial issue of illegal immigration. Illegal immigrants are the people whoRead MoreImmigration And The United States965 Words   |  4 Pages Immigration is a highly controversial and big problem in the United States today. â€Å"While some characterize our immigration crisis as solely an issue of the 11 to 12 million unauthorized immigrants living in this country, our problems extend beyond the number of undocumented people to a broader range of issues. The lack of a comprehensive federal solution has created a slew of lopsided, enforcement-only initiatives that have cost the country billions of dollars while failing to end un authorizedRead MoreImmigration On The United States1302 Words   |  6 PagesImmigration Rights in the U.S. Immigration has occurred in the U.S. for for many years. Some say it’s the foundation of our country. America is the country where people leave their own country to live. People would leave due to mistreatment, hunger issues or job opportunities. America is known for starting over or accomplishing dreams, so immigrants travel over to follow those dreams. People emigrate from one country to another for a variety of complex reasons. Some are forced to move, due to conflictRead MoreThe Immigration Of The United States1711 Words   |  7 PagesThe vast majority of people living in the United States are descendants of immigrants, and yet majority of them are against them. It is quickly forgotten that America was built on immigrants that wanted a new life. A life free from harsh government, and the freedom from forced religion. The original settlers were immigrants that stole this land; immigrants continued to come for years. It is not a newly constructed concept that immigrants have always been a problem, ask any Native American. One usedRead MoreImmigration Of The United States1064 Words   |  5 Pages Camarota (2007, p.1), director of the Immigration Studies Center, reports there are 1.6 million documented and undocumented migrants take up residence in the United States every year. Camarota goes on to say that the immigrants occupy one-eighth of the total population who settled in the U.S. The flood of aliens, to a significant degree, hinders the development of the United States. Therefore, the issues which relate to immigration must not be neglected, and the government should keep the numberRead MoreImmigration And The United States Essay1377 Words   |  6 Pages Immigration has been a large conversation topic for such a long time in our country. We have worked on policies for immigration, and have made changes to them throughout the duration of our country’s existence. This topic is always worth mentioning and important, but has become a bigger topic once again due to presidential elections and the conversations being had about immigration from said elections. It is not necessarily easily seen if the concern with immigration is who is here legally or limitingRead MoreImmigration : The United States1087 Words   |  5 PagesThe United States is a popular and powerful which many people admire. It is very true that the country prospect and is more enrich. Opening the border might improve the economy or can impact the job market for American citizens. It is the jobs of American citizens to be given more to this illegal immigrant. I believe the U.S. borders should remain closed. While it is clear that opening the borders can have benefits, I believe it is more important to keep jobs available for Americans. In my opinionRead MoreImmigration Of The United States1565 Words   |  7 PagesA native of Mexico, Gonzalez came to the United States using a visa, to visit family members and in 1994, police convicted Gonzalez of the abduction and rape of a Waukegan, Illinois woman. During his conviction his attorney, Vanessa Potkin, addressed that at twenty years old, Gonzalez spoke very little English, had no criminal record, and yet the police wanted to pin the crime on him. Twenty years later, DNA from the crime cleared him of both charges, and Gonzalez is now threatened with deportationRead MoreThe Immigration Of The United States1632 Words   |  7 PagesFrench and European to settle in the New World. Since the colonial era, America has seen a wave of immigrants migrate in search of freedom and equality. Is this the same immigration today? Nearly 11.6 million immigrants from Mexico reside in the U.S. Today Immigration has a significant impact on many aspects of life in the United States, from the workforce and the classroom to communities across the country. Not all immigrants come to America legally whether as naturalized citizens, legal permanent residents

Impacts of Turbofan Engine in the Aviation Industry

Question: Discuss about the Impacts of Turbofan Engine in the Aviation Industry. Answer: Introduction Turbofan engine is among the most common type of gas turbine engine used today (Hall, 2015). The first turbofan engine was manufactured by Rolls-Royce Limited in 1950s. The engine had a by-pass ratio is 0.25. In 1960s, Volvo Flygmotor and Pratt Whitney also started manufacturing turbofan engines. Today, these engines are manufactured by different manufacturers, including General Electric, CFM International LEAP, Engine Alliance, and International Aero Engines, among others (Lucintel, 2012). The main motive of developing turbofan engine was to overcome the two main disadvantages of its predecessor, turbojet engine. The disadvantages were: poor fuel efficiency at lower altitudes and poor runway performance. Turbofan engine has successfully overcome these drawbacks of turbojet engine. Therefore turbofan engine was developed so as to replace turbojet engine. Since its invention, turbofan engine has greatly revolutionized the aviation industry by enabling quieter flights and lower fuel c onsumption by aircrafts. The purpose of this report is to discuss various elements of turbofan engine, including its components, operation, advantages and disadvantages. Operation of Turbofan Engine The basic operation of a turbofan engine is similar to that of other turbine engines, where air is drawn into the engine, compressed, mixed with fuel, ignited and exhausted to create thrust that propels the aircraft. The main components of turbofan engines are: fan, compressor, combustor, turbine and nozzle/mixer, as shown in Figure 1 below (Cutler, 2016). These components are similar to those of a turbojet except the fan. In other words, a turbofan engine has similar components to those of a turbojet engine only that the former has a fan. Figure 1: Components of a turbofan engine The fan draws in large amounts of air into the turbofan engine. The air passes through two parts. Some of it flows into the core of the engine where it will be combusted whereas some of the air (called bypass air) is directed via a duct outside the engine core (Chmiel, (n.d.)). The bypass air has three main functions: it generates additional thrust; blankets the exhaust air leaving the engine thus making the engine to produce less noise; and cools the engine. Bypass ratio is the ratio of quantity of air passing outside the core of the engine to the air passing through the engines core (Hall, 2015). According to DutchOps.com (2012), turbofan engines can be classified into two groups based on their bypass ratios: low and high bypass ratio turbofan engine. The air flows through the axial flow compressor, which uses its spinning blades to accelerate the speed of the air and compress it. Stators, which are positioned between compressor blades, converts rotational energy of the air into st atic pressure thus increasing overall air pressure. In addition, the stators straighten the air flow making it ready to move into the succeeding set of spinning blades. The air then enters the combustor where it mixes with fuel and gets ignited. The combustor comprises of several parts, as shown in Figure 2 below (Cutler, 2016). Figure 2: Parts of turbofan engine combustor The diffuser is used for slowing down air entering the combustor from the compressor, which helps in easing the ignition. Swirler and dome are used for increasing air turbulence for easy mixing with the fuel. The fuel injector supply fuel that mixes with the air to create the desired fuel/air mixture. The actual combustion occurs in the liner, which comprises of various inlets for allowing entry of air at different points within the combustion zone. The igniter is used for lighting the fire to start the actual combustion process. After leaving the combustor, the high-speed and hot air passes over the blades of the turbine. The blades draw energy from the air, rotating the turbine and engine shaft that is fixed to it. The same shaft is also connected to compressor and fan hence when the turbine rotates, the compressor and fan also keep on drawing in more air. The nozzle is where the high speed air from the turbine gets exhausted at the back of the engine thus creating a thrust that pushes the airplane forward. This is in accordance with third law of Isaac Newton, which states that for every action force creates an equal reaction force that acts in the opposite direction. Advantages off Turbofan Engine There are several advantages of a turbofan engine. Some of these advantages are as follows: Higher Fuel Efficiency A turbofan engine has a higher fuel efficiency. The engine burns less fuel than most of the other gas turbine engine thus saving fuel costs. In addition, this also reduces the amount of harmful emissions that the engine releases to the atmosphere (Whitfield, 2016). High Thrust A turbofan engine generates very high thrust compared to other turbine gas engines. The high thrust results from the air passing through the engines core and the bypass air (Stratos Jet Charters, Inc., 2010). With the other gas turbine engines, thrust is only generated by air flowing through the engines core. However, turbofan engine generates thrust from the air flowing through the engines core and the extra thrust from the bypass air flowing through the bypass duct. QuieterMotion A turbofan engine is quitter than majority of gas turbine engines. There are two factors contributing to this quietness. First, it is the bypass air that masks the exhaust air leaving the engine thus making the engine quieter. Second, it is the blades tips that are confined inside the turbofan engine casing thus controlling noise levels and preventing noise from leaving the engine casing. These two elements make the aero-acoustic properties of turbofan engines to be greater than most gas turbine engines. Greater Efficiency A turbofan engine is more efficient to control especially when the airplane is flying at low altitudes. This does not only help the pilots to be in more control of the airplane but also improves the overall safety of the persons onboard. Greater speeds A turbofan engine can fly at greater speeds than other conventional airplane engines. One of the factors enabling this is the design of the turbofan engine blades. The blade tips of a turbofan engine are designed to exceed the drag divergence speed. This capability of exceeding the drag divergence speed makes it possible to the turbofan engine to accelerate at very high speeds than most turbine gas engines. No orMinimal Vibrations A turbofan engine produces zero or very minimal vibrations. This has two benefits: it increases the comfort of the cabin crew and passengers, and also increases the longevity of aircraft components (Shields and Carmel, 2013). With less vibrations, it means that the airplane flies smoothly with minimal upheaval. Also, there are less interactions between various components of the airplane components thus reducing the likelihood of wear and tear that could otherwise cause damages and reduce the lifespan of these components. Therefore if maintained properly, turbofan engines are more durable than other gas turbine engines. Short Takeoff Balance Another major advantage of turbofan engines is that they have the capacity to facilitate short takeoff distance. The turbofan engines fan draws large amounts of air into the engine thus generating adequate thrust quickly to propel the aircraft. Therefore airplanes using turbofan engines do not require longer runway distances to takeoff as they can generate sufficient thrust within a very short distance. Disadvantages of Turbofan Engine Despite the many advantages, turbofan engines also have some disadvantages. The key disadvantages are as discussed below Larger Frontal Area The frontal area of a turbofan engine is usually larger and this is mainly because of the large size of the fan. The large frontal area helps in drawing in more air into the engine. However, this large front area usually translates into more weight. In general, turbofan engines are usually heavier than their predecessors turbojet engines. Less Efficient at Greater Altitudes One advantage is that the efficiency of a turbofan engine is greater when the airplane is flying at a lower altitude. However, this becomes a disadvantage when the airplane is moving at a higher altitude. The less efficiency at greater altitudes means that the airplane may be difficult to control and it is likely to start consuming more fuel. Conclusion Turbofan engines have had significant impacts in the aviation industry. The engines comprises of five main parts: fan, compressor, combustor, turbine and nozzle. They generate great thrust through air flowing pass the engines core and bypass air passing through bypass duct. These engines have reduced noise levels of airplane engines, increased fuel efficiencies, reduced fuel costs for many airlines, minimized carbon emissions, and increased fuel speeds. Considering its advantages, many airlines and aircraft owners/operators prefer turbofan engines than any other gas turbine engine. With the current innovative technologies, it is expected that turbofan engines will continue improving the aviation industry in different ways. Works Cited Chmiel, M. (n.d.). How a turbofan engine works. Retrieved April 3, 2017, from https://homepages.wmich.edu/~msw8680/myppt.pdf Cutler, C. (2016). How Does A Turbofan Engine Work? Retrieved April 3, 2017, from https://www.boldmethod.com/learn-to-fly/aircraft-systems/how-does-a-jet-engine-work/ DutchOps.com. (2012). Engine Types. Retrieved April 3, 2017, from https://www.dutchops.com/Portfolio_Marcel/Articles/Engines/Engine_Types.htm Hall, N. (2015). The Turbofan Engine. Retrieved April 3, 2017, from https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/airplane/aturbf.html Lucintel. (2012). Global Commercial Aero Turbofan Engine Market, Supply Chain and Opportunities: 2011-2017. Irving, TX: Lucintel. Shields, M. and Carmel, J. (2013). Turbofan Engine Technology Upgrades How Should Suppliers React? Retrieved April 3, 2017. Stratos Jet Charters, Inc. (2010). Jet Charter Engine Basics: Why Turbofan Trumps Turbojets. Retrieved April 3, 2017, from https://www.stratosjets.com/2010/06/28/aircraft-engines-101-the-advantages-of-the-turbofan-engine-compared-to-the-turbojet-for-jet-charters/ Whitfield, B. (2016). Turbofan Engine: How It Works. Retrieved April 3, 2017, from https://www.flyingmag.com/how-it-works-turbofan-engine